1
|
Pires AJ, Pereira G, Fangueiro D, Bexiga R, Oliveira M. When the solution becomes the problem: a review on antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle. Future Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38661710 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics' action, once a 'magic bullet', is now hindered by widespread microbial resistance, creating a global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. A primary driver of AMR is the selective pressure from antimicrobial use. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption increased by 65%, reaching 34.8 billion tons, 73% of which was used in animals. In the dairy cattle sector, antibiotics are crucial for treating diseases like mastitis, posing risks to humans, animals and potentially leading to environmental contamination. To address AMR, strategies like selective dry cow therapy, alternative treatments (nanoparticles, phages) and waste management innovations are emerging. However, most solutions are in development, emphasizing the urgent need for further research to tackle AMR in dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana José Pires
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Pereira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Fangueiro
- LEAF Research Center, Terra Associate Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change & Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wörmann ME, Bhatte A, Wichmann-Schauer H, Tenhagen BA, Lienen T. Heat Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains from German Dairy farms in Colostrum and Raw Milk. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3549. [PMID: 38003166 PMCID: PMC10668672 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may cause difficult-to-treat infections in dairy cattle. One possible route of MRSA transmission into calves is via the feeding of contaminated waste milk. We tested the heat resistance of 17 MRSA strains isolated from German dairy farms in colostrum and raw milk in a laboratory approach. Heating colostrum or raw milk at 60 °C for 30 min eliminated all viable MRSA in the milk, provided the MRSA inoculation rate is low (103 cfu mL-1). In contrast, raw milk highly inoculated with MRSA (106 cfu mL-1) required a holding time of at least 30 min at 70 °C to fully eliminate MRSA from it. However, quantitative analysis showed that a heat treatment for 10 min at 60 °C already significantly reduced the number of viable MRSA in highly inoculated raw milk. Heating colostrum and raw milk above 60 °C may destroy immunoglobulins which are crucial for the calf's health. Therefore, we suggest that colostrum and raw milk that is to be fed to calves on MRSA-positive dairy farms is heated at 60 °C for at least 10 min to reduce the likelihood of transmitting MRSA. In addition, the 60 °C heat-treated colostrum/raw milk should be fed to the calves as soon as possible to avoid re-growth of viable MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirka E Wörmann
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashwini Bhatte
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidi Wichmann-Schauer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lienen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Z, Wang Y, Yan X, Ma X, Duan A, Hassan FU, Wang W, Deng T. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in diarrhea calves. mSystems 2023; 8:e0058223. [PMID: 37615434 PMCID: PMC10654109 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00582-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Calf diarrhea is of great concern to the global dairy industry as it results in significant economic losses due to lower conception rates, reduced milk production, and early culling. Although there is evidence of an association between altered gut microbiota and diarrhea, remarkably little is known about the microbial and metabolic mechanisms underlying the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the occurrence of calf diarrhea. Here, we used fecal metagenomic and metabolomic analyses to demonstrate that gut microbiota-driven metabolic disorders of purine or arachidonic acid were associated with calf diarrhea. These altered gut microbiotas play vital roles in diarrhea pathogenesis and indicate that gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be useful for both prevention and treatment of diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangzhou Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Anqin Duan
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wenjia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tingxian Deng
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Umaña Sedó SG, Winder CB, Renaud DL. Graduate Student Literature Review: The problem of calf mortality on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7164-7176. [PMID: 37210372 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Calf mortality can be used as an indicator of animal health and welfare on dairy farms. However, several challenges surround the estimation and reporting of this metric, specifically: (1) lack of records or reliable data, (2) methods of data collection, and (3) inconsistencies in calculation and definitions used. Therefore, despite its importance, the lack of consensus on a definition of calf mortality makes it difficult to compare mortality rates between dairy farms or studies. Monitoring factors associated with calf mortality is vital to create preventative strategies. Although common strategies have been set about how to raise dairy calves and manage dairy calves, discrepancies among studies evaluating factors associated with calf mortality still exist. This review summarizes research on the evaluation of calf mortality and associated risk factors, specifically, the lack of reliable data and standardization of the definition of calf mortality. In addition, current strategies to monitor and prevent calf mortality will be presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Umaña Sedó
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - C B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iancu MA, Profir M, Roşu OA, Ionescu RF, Cretoiu SM, Gaspar BS. Revisiting the Intestinal Microbiome and Its Role in Diarrhea and Constipation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2177. [PMID: 37764021 PMCID: PMC10538221 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota represents a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa) that colonize the gut and are responsible for gut mucosal structural integrity and immune and metabolic homeostasis. The relationship between the gut microbiome and human health has been intensively researched in the past years. It is now widely recognized that gut microbial composition is highly responsible for the general health of the host. Among the diseases that have been linked to an altered gut microbial population are diarrheal illnesses and functional constipation. The capacity of probiotics to modulate the gut microbiome population, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and modulate the immune system together with their antioxidant properties have encouraged the research of probiotic therapy in many gastrointestinal afflictions. Dietary and lifestyle changes and the use of probiotics seem to play an important role in easing constipation and effectively alleviating diarrhea by suppressing the germs involved. This review aims to describe how probiotic bacteria and the use of specific strains could interfere and bring benefits as an associated treatment for diarrhea and constipation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Adela Iancu
- Department of Family Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Monica Profir
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Oana Alexandra Roşu
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Ruxandra Florentina Ionescu
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology I, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Severus Gaspar
- Surgery Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mwenifumbo M, Cookson AL, Zhao S, Fayaz A, Browne AS, Benschop J, Burgess SA. The characterisation of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from dairy calves. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37578342 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Dairy calves, particularly pre-weaned calves have been identified as a common source of multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli.Gap statement. E. coli strains isolated from dairy calves and the location of their resistance genes (plasmid or chromosomal) have not been well characterised.Aim. To characterise the phenotypic and genotypic features as well as the population structure of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolated from calves located on dairy farms that feed waste-milk to their replacement calves.Methodology. Recto-anal swab enrichments from 40 dairy calves (≤ 14 days old) located on four dairy farms were examined for tetracycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and third-generation cephalosporin resistant E. coli. Whole genome sequencing was performed using both short- and long-read technologies on selected antimicrobial resistant E. coli.Results. Fifty-eight percent (23/40) of calves harboured antimicrobial resistant E. coli: 43 % (17/40) harboured tetracycline resistant, and 23 % (9/40) harboured chromosomal mediated AmpC producing E. coli. Whole genome sequencing of 27 isolates revealed five sequence types, with ST88 being the dominant ST (17/27, 63 % of the sequenced isolates) followed by ST1308 (3/27, 11 %), along with the extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli lineages ST69 (3/27, 11 %), ST10 (2/27, 7 %), and ST58 (2/27, 7 %). Additionally, 16 isolates were MDR, harbouring additional resistance genes that were not tested phenotypically. Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing technologies enabled the location of multiple resistant gene cassettes in IncF plasmids to be determined.Conclusion. Our study identified a high incidence of tetracycline and streptomycin-resistant E. coli in dairy calves, and highlighted the presence of multidrug-resistant strains, emphasising the need for further investigation into potential associations with farm management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merning Mwenifumbo
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Present address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Adrian L Cookson
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Food Systems Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ahmed Fayaz
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - A Springer Browne
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sara A Burgess
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, cnr University & Library Rds Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Filippone Pavesi L, Pollera C, Sala G, Cremonesi P, Monistero V, Biscarini F, Bronzo V. Effect of the Selective Dry Cow Therapy on Udder Health and Milk Microbiota. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1259. [PMID: 37627678 PMCID: PMC10451862 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of antimicrobials on dairy farms has been significantly limited from both the legislative and consumer points of view. This study aims to check the efficacy of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) versus blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT) on bovine udder in healthy animals. SDTC is when an antibiotic is administered only to infected cows, compared with BDCT, where all cows receive an antimicrobial, regardless of their infection status. The milk samples were collected from enrolled Holstein Friesian cows 7 days before dry-off (T0) and 10 days after calving (T1) to assess somatic cell count (SCC), intramammary infections (IMIs), and milk microbiota variation. After pre-drying sampling, cows are randomly assigned to the following treatments: internal teat sealant alone (ITS; 24 cows), which is a treatment in a cow that does not receive antibiotics in SDTC, or in combination with intramammary antibiotic treatment (A+ITS; 22 cows). Non-statistically significant results are found between the two treatment groups at T1 for SCC, milk yield, and alpha diversity in milk microbiota. A statistically (p < 0.033) T1 IMI decrease is reported in the A+ITS group, and a significant beta diversity analysis is shown between the two timepoints (p = 0.009). This study confirms the possibility of selective drying without new IMI risk or increased SCC at calving, considering healthy cows without contagious infections and SCC values >200,000 cells/mL in the previous lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Filippone Pavesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Claudia Pollera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (SP-22), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Valentina Monistero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Filippo Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.F.P.); (C.P.); (V.M.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases—MiLab, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilson DJ, Pempek JA, Cheng TY, Habing G, Proudfoot KL, Winder CB, Renaud DL. A survey of male and female dairy calf care practices and opportunities for change. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:703-717. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Chen H, Liu Y, Huang K, Yang B, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Wang J. Fecal microbiota dynamics and its relationship to diarrhea and health in dairy calves. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:132. [PMID: 36307885 PMCID: PMC9616619 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves, resulting in considerable economic loss for dairy farms. To determine if some gut microbes might have resistance to dysbiotic process with calf diarrhea by dictating the microbial co-occurrence patterns from birth to post-weaning, we examined the dynamic development of the gut microbiota and diarrhea status using two animal trials, with the first trial having 14 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected 18 times over 78 d from birth to 15 d post-weaning and the second trial having 43 Holstein dairy calves whose fecal samples were collected daily from 8 to 18 days of age corresponding to the first diarrhea peak of trial 1. RESULTS Metataxonomic analysis of the fecal microbiota showed that the development of gut microbiota had three age periods with birth and weaning as the separatrices. Two diarrhea peaks were observed during the transition of the three age periods. Fusobacteriaceae was identified as a diarrhea-associated taxon both in the early stage and during weaning, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was another increased genus among diarrheic calves in the early stage. In the neonatal calves, Prevotella_2 (ASV4 and ASV26), Prevotella_9 (ASV43), and Alloprevotella (ASV14) were negatively associated with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (ASV48), the keystone taxa of the diarrhea-phase module. During weaning, unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28 and ASV44), UBA1819 (ASV151), Barnesiella (ASV497), and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (ASV254) were identified being associated with non-diarrheic status, and they aggregated in the non-diarrhea module of co-occurrence patterns wherein unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28) and Barnesiella (ASV497) had a direct negative relationship with the members of the diarrhea module. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that the dynamic successions of calf gut microbiota and the interactions among some bacteria could influence calf diarrhea, and some species of Prevotella might be the core microbiota in both neonatal and weaning calves, while species of Muribaculaceae might be the core microbiota in weaning calves for preventing calf diarrhea. Some ASVs affiliated with Prevotella_2 (ASV4 and ASV26), Prevotella_9 (ASV43), Alloprevotella (AVS14), unclassified Muribaculaceae (ASV28 and ASV44), UBA1819 (ASV151), Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (ASV254), and Barnesiella (ASV497) might be proper probiotics for preventing calf diarrhea whereas Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (ASV48) might be the biomarker for diarrhea risk in specific commercial farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalu Liu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kailang Huang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Jiakun Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Davies SJ, Esposito G, Villot C, Chevaux E, Raffrenato E. An Evaluation of Nutritional and Therapeutic Factors Affecting Pre-Weaned Calf Health and Welfare, and Direct-Fed Microbials as a Potential Alternative for Promoting Performance—A Review. Dairy 2022; 3:648-667. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The priority for calf rearing has been to maintain good health and welfare in order to promote and sustain future production. However, there have been numerous reports of undesirable levels of morbidity and mortality amongst pre-weaned calves. This may be mitigated or exacerbated by nutritional management practices. Some areas of concern include colostrum feeding, utilization of waste milk, and restrictive milk feeding regimes. Antibiotics may be prescribed at lethal or sub-inhibitory doses to treat or prevent disease. However, extensive antibiotic use may disrupt the gastrointestinal microbiota and aid in expanding the antibiotic resistant gene pool. In an attempt to reduce the use of antibiotics, there is a demand to find alternative performance enhancers. Direct-fed microbials, also known as probiotics, may comply with this role. A DFM consists of live microorganisms that are biologically active and able to confer health benefits onto the host. Lactic acid bacteria have been the most frequently investigated; however, this field of research has expanded to include spore-forming bacteria and live yeast preparations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional management strategies that may increase a calf’s susceptibility to morbidity and mortality, the efficacy and sustainability of antibiotics as a tool for managing calf health and welfare, and the potential for DFMs as a supportive strategy for promoting calf wellbeing.
Collapse
|
11
|
Latorre AA, Oliva R, Pugin J, Estay A, Nualart F, Salazar K, Garrido N, Muñoz MA. Biofilms in hoses utilized to divert colostrum and milk on dairy farms: A report exploring their potential role in herd health, milk quality, and public health. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:969455. [PMID: 36090175 PMCID: PMC9458949 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.969455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms in milking equipment on dairy farms have been associated with failures in cleaning and sanitizing protocols. These biofilms on milking equipment can be a source of contamination for bulk tank milk and a concern for animal and public health, as biofilms can become on-farm reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria that cause disease in cows and humans. This report describes a cross-sectional study on 3 dairy farms, where hoses used to divert waste milk, transition milk, and colostrum were analyzed by culture methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to assess the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. In addition, the presence of biofilms was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal spectral microscopy. Biofilms composed of multispecies microbial communities were observed on the surfaces of all milk hoses. In two dairy farms, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca were isolated from the milk hose samples collected. Cleaning and sanitation protocols of all surfaces in contact with milk or colostrum are crucial. Hoses used to collect waste milk, colostrum, and transition milk can be a source of biofilms and hence pathogenic bacteria. Waste milk used to feed calves can constitute a biosecurity issue and a source of pathogens, therefore an increased exposure and threat for the whole herd health and, potentially, for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra A. Latorre
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alejandra A. Latorre
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- Centro de Espectroscopía y Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Julio Pugin
- Centro de Espectroscopía y Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alexis Estay
- Centro de Espectroscopía y Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Departamento de Biología Célular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Departamento de Biología Célular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natacha Garrido
- Hospital Dr. Víctor Ríos, Servicio de Salud Bío Bío, Los Ángeles, Chile
| | - Marcos A. Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Y, Khan MZ, Xiao J, Alugongo GM, Chen X, Li S, Wang Y, Cao Z. An Overview of Waste Milk Feeding Effect on Growth Performance, Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Immunity of Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898295. [PMID: 35656173 PMCID: PMC9152456 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste milk (WM) is a part of the milk produced on dairy farms, which is usually unsuitable for human consumption. The WM contains transition milk, mastitis milk, colostrum, milk with somatic cells, blood (Hemolactia), harmful pathogens, pathogenic and antibiotic residues. Due to the high cost of milk replacer (MR), dairy farmers prefer raw WM to feed their calves. It has been well established that WM has a greater nutritive value than MR. Hence WM can contribute to improved growth, rumen development, and immune-associated parameters when fed to dairy calves. However, feeding raw WM before weaning has continuously raised some critical concerns. The pathogenic load and antibiotic residues in raw WM may increase the risk of diseases and antibacterial resistance in calves. Thus, pasteurization has been recommended as an effective method to decrease the risk of diseases in calves by killing/inhibiting the pathogenic microorganisms in the raw WM. Altogether, the current review provides a brief overview of the interplay between the positive role of raw WM in the overall performance of dairy calves, limitations of raw WM as a feed source and how to overcome these issues arising from feeding raw WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Cao
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Yi X, Zhuang H, Deng Z, Ma C. Invited Review: Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogens Associated with Diarrhea and Pneumonia in Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060771. [PMID: 35327168 PMCID: PMC8944629 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is the major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria in dairy herds. There have been numerous studies on AMU and AMR in dairy cows; however, studies on AMU and AMR in dairy calves are limited. A comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of AMU and AMR among pathogens in dairy calves is important for the development of scientifically supported and applicable measures to curb antimicrobial use and the increasing risk of AMR. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of research on AMU and AMR in dairy calves. A total of 75 publications were included, of which 19 studies reported AMU data for dairy calves and 68 described AMR profiles of the four most prevalent bacteria that are associated with calf diarrhea and calf pneumonia. Large variation in AMU was found among herds across different regions. There seems to be a positive association between exposure to antimicrobials and occurrence of resistance. Most AMU was accounted for by treatment of diseases, while a small proportion of AMU was prophylactic. AMU was more common in treating calf diarrhea than in treating pneumonia, and the resistance rates in bacteria associated with diarrhea were higher than those in pathogens related to pneumonia. Organic farms used significantly fewer antimicrobials to treat calf disease; however, the antimicrobial resistance rates of bacteria associated with calf diarrhea and pneumonia on both types of farms were comparable. Feeding waste or pasteurized milk was associated with a higher risk of AMR in pathogens. Altogether, this review summarizes AMU and AMR data for dairy calves and suggests areas for future research, providing evidence for the design of antimicrobial use stewardship programs in dairy calf farming.
Collapse
|
14
|
Slanzon GS, Ridenhour BJ, Moore DA, Sischo WM, Parrish LM, Trombetta SC, McConnel CS. Fecal microbiome profiles of neonatal dairy calves with varying severities of gastrointestinal disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262317. [PMID: 34982792 PMCID: PMC8726473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease (GI) is the most common illness in pre-weaned dairy calves. Studies have associated the fecal microbiome composition with health status, but it remains unclear how the microbiome changes across different levels of GI disease and breeds. Our objective was to associate the clinical symptoms of GI disease with the fecal microbiome. Fecal samples were collected from calves (n = 167) of different breeds (Holstein, Jersey, Jersey-cross and beef-cross) from 4-21 d of age. Daily clinical evaluations assessed health status. Calves with loose or watery feces were diagnosed with diarrhea and classified as bright-sick (BS) or depressed-sick (DS) according to behavior. Calves with normal or semiformed feces and no clinical illness were classified as healthy (H). One hundred and three fecal samples were obtained from consistently healthy calves and 64 samples were from calves with diarrhea (n = 39 BS; n = 25 DS). The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. Differences were identified by a linear-mixed effects model with a negative binomial error. DS and Jersey calves had a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus gallolyticus relative to H Holstein calves. In addition, DS calves had a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and an enrichment of Escherichia coli. Species of the genus Lactobacillus, such as an unclassified Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus salivarius were enriched in calves with GI disease. Moreover, we created a model to predict GI disease based on the fecal microbiome composition. The presence of Eggerthella lenta, Bifidobacterium longum, and Collinsella aerofaciens were associated with a healthy clinical outcome. Although lactobacilli are often associated with beneficial probiotic properties, the presence of E. coli and Lactobacillus species had the highest coefficients positively associated with GI disease prediction. Our results indicate that there are differences in the fecal microbiome of calves associated with GI disease severity and breed specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana S. Slanzon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ridenhour
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, College of Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Dale A. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - William M. Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Parrish
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sophie C. Trombetta
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig S. McConnel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rochegüe T, Haenni M, Mondot S, Astruc C, Cazeau G, Ferry T, Madec JY, Lupo A. Impact of Antibiotic Therapies on Resistance Genes Dynamic and Composition of the Animal Gut Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3280. [PMID: 34828011 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are major disruptors of the gastrointestinal microbiota, depleting bacterial species beneficial for the host health and favoring the emergence of potential pathogens. Furthermore, the intestine is a reactor of antibiotic resistance emergence, and the presence of antibiotics exacerbates the selection of resistant bacteria that can disseminate in the environment and propagate to further hosts. We reviewed studies analyzing the effect of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota and antibiotic resistance conducted on animals, focusing on the main food-producing and companion animals. Irrespective of antibiotic classes and animal hosts, therapeutic dosage decreased species diversity and richness favoring the bloom of potential enteropathogens and the selection of antibiotic resistance. These negative effects of antibiotic therapies seem ineluctable but often were mitigated when an antibiotic was administered by parenteral route. Sub-therapeutic dosages caused the augmentation of taxa involved in sugar metabolism, suggesting a link with weight gain. This result should not be interpreted positively, considering that parallel information on antibiotic resistance selection was rarely reported and selection of antibiotic resistance is known to occur also at low antibiotic concentration. However, studies on the effect of antibiotics as growth promoters put the basis for understanding the gut microbiota composition and function in this situation. This knowledge could inspire alternative strategies to antibiotics, such as probiotics, for improving animal performance. This review encompasses the analysis of the main animal hosts and all antibiotic classes, and highlights the future challenges and gaps of knowledge that should be filled. Further studies are necessary for elucidating pharmacodynamics in animals in order to improve therapy duration, antibiotic dosages, and administration routes for mitigating negative effects of antibiotic therapies. Furthermore, this review highlights that studies on aminoglycosides are almost inexistent, and they should be increased, considering that aminoglycosides are the first most commonly used antibiotic family in companion animals. Harmonization of experimental procedures is necessary in this research field. In fact, current studies are based on different experimental set-up varying for antibiotic dosage, regimen, administration, and downstream microbiota analysis. In the future, shotgun metagenomics coupled with long-reads sequencing should become a standard experimental approach enabling to gather comprehensive knowledge on GIM in terms of composition and taxonomic functions, and of ARGs. Decorticating GIM in animals will unveil revolutionary strategies for medication and improvement of animals' health status, with positive consequences on global health.
Collapse
|