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Rodzyń I, Karpińska K, Bis-Wencel H, Wlazło Ł, Ossowski M, Strzelec K, Jaguszewski S, Nowakowicz-Dębek B. Exposure to chemical pollutants and biological aerosol in indoor facilities for recreational and sport horses. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:78. [PMID: 38413934 PMCID: PMC10900765 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the increasing prevalence of equine non-infectious respiratory disease, the air contamination in equine housing (Stables A-C) and training facilities (indoor riding arenas A - C) was investigated. The aim of the study was to monitor gaseous pollutants, bioaerosols, and dust concentrations at three different sites (stables and riding halls), where different floor materials were used in the riding halls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Air quality was monitored in housing for horses and in riding halls in terms of dust concentration, the presence of gaseous chemical pollutants, and concentrations of biological aerosol. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The levels obtained were compared with acceptable limits. RESULTS Among the gaseous pollutants identified, the highest concentration was obtained for ammonia in stables B and C (16.37 and 22.39 mg/m3, respectively). Standards for total dust were exceeded in stables B and C and in riding halls B and C. The highest numbers of bacteria and fungi were recorded in stables A and C and in riding hall B. Ulocladium sp. had the highest percentage share among the moulds identified. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm that the wrong choice of bedding in the stable and indoor riding arenas may contribute, even in short training periods, to equine non-infectious respiratory disease (equine asthma). Bioaerosol suspended in the air together with released gaseous pollutants can exacerbate this phenomenon, which even in the case of short training periods can lead to equine asthma of varying degrees of severity. For this reason, the choice of floor material in riding halls should be treated as a priority, as the wrong decision can shorten the period during which the horse can be used for recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rodzyń
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Karpińska
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950, Poland.
| | - Hanna Bis-Wencel
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wlazło
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ossowski
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Strzelec
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20‑950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Jaguszewski
- Student Scientific Association of Occupational and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Science in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20‑950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950, Poland
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Mönki J, Holopainen M, Ruhanen H, Karikoski N, Käkelä R, Mykkänen A. Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of horses housed on two different bedding materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21778. [PMID: 38066223 PMCID: PMC10709413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipidome of equine BALF cells has not been described. The objectives of this prospective repeated-measures study were to explore the BALF cells' lipidome in horses and to identify lipids associated with progression or resolution of airway inflammation. BALF cells from 22 horses exposed to two bedding materials (Peat 1-Wood shavings [WS]-Peat 2) were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of bedding on lipid class and species compositions were tested with rmANOVA. Correlations between lipids and cell counts were examined. The BALF cells' lipidome showed bedding-related differences for molar percentage (mol%) of 60 species. Whole phosphatidylcholine (PC) class and its species PC 32:0 (main molecular species 16:0_16:0) had higher mol% after Peat 2 compared with WS. Phosphatidylinositol 38:4 (main molecular species 18:0_20:4) was higher after WS compared with both peat periods. BALF cell count correlated positively with mol% of the lipid classes phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, hexosylceramide, and triacylglycerol but negatively with PC. BALF cell count correlated positively with phosphatidylinositol 38:4 mol%. In conclusion, equine BALF cells' lipid profiles explored with MS-based lipidomics indicated subclinical inflammatory changes after WS. Inflammatory reactions in the cellular lipid species composition were detected although cytological responses indicating inflammation were weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Mönki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Holopainen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182479. [PMID: 36139339 PMCID: PMC9495102 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild−moderate equine asthma (MEA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways of the horse, characterized by tracheal mucus accumulation, cough and poor performance. The therapeutic approach is based on pharmacological treatment and environmental management. Moreover, the efficacy of the administration of antioxidant molecules has been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of a commercial nutraceutical supplement, composed of several herbal extracts, on lower airway inflammation in racehorses. Twelve Thoroughbreds affected by MEA were selected. All horses underwent a clinical examination with assignment of a clinical score, airway endoscopy and cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In seven horses, the supplement was administered for 21 days in association with environmental changes, while in five horses only environmental changes were performed. All procedures were repeated at the end of the study. Data concerning the clinical score, the endoscopic scores and the cytology at the beginning and at the end of the study were statistically compared. Data showed a significant reduction (p < 0.0156) of the clinical score and a significant reduction (p < 0.0156) of the tracheal mucus score. The results showed the beneficial effect of the supplement on mild−moderate lower airway inflammation, probably due to its antioxidant activity.
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Mönki J, Saastamoinen M, Karikoski N, Norring M, Rajamäki M, Mykkänen A. Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Comparison of Two Peat Beddings, Wood Pellet, and Straw Pellet. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:799645. [PMID: 34977227 PMCID: PMC8718510 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of bedding material on air quality are important amongst horses worldwide. Respiratory diseases, especially equine asthma, are highly prevalent with air hygiene playing a major role on the pathophysiology of these diseases. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of four bedding materials on the respiratory signs, tracheal mucus score, and tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in healthy adult horses. The study design was a prospective controlled cross-over study, and the subjects were healthy adult riding school horses (n = 32) from a single stable. Wood pellet, straw pellet, and loosely stored peat (Peat 3) were compared to peat packed in plastic-covered bales (Peat 2). Lower airway endoscopy and sampling (TW and BALF) for cytological examination were performed after each 35-day bedding period. The tracheal mucus scores (P = 0.014) and respiratory rate (P = 0.026) were higher during the straw pellet period compared to the Peat 2 period. The respiratory rate was lower during the wood pellet period compared to the Peat 2 period (P = 0.004). The TW neutrophil percentage during the straw pellet period was higher compared to the Peat 2 period (P = 0.0003). The BALF neutrophil percentage was higher during the straw pellet period (P = 0.005) and during the Peat 3 period compared to the Peat 2 period (P = 0.04). We conclude that baled peat (Peat 2) caused lower neutrophil percentages in the airway samples compared to straw pellet and loosely stored peat (Peat 3). No difference was observed between Peat 2 and wood pellet. The information gained from this study may assist veterinarians and horse owners in selecting appropriate bedding materials, especially for horses with equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Mönki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Norring
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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