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Geng T, Luo L, Ruan X, Shen B, Fang R, Zhao J, Zhou Y. Drug resistance and genetic characteristics of one Eimeria tenella isolate from Xiantao, Hubei Province, China. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:289. [PMID: 39096422 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis causes retarded growth and low production performance in poultry, resulting in huge economic losses to the poultry industry. In order to prevent and control chicken coccidiosis, great efforts have been made to develop new drugs and vaccines, which require pure isolates of Eimeria spp. In this study, we obtained the Eimeira tenella Xiantao isolate by single oocyst isolation technology and compared its genome with the reference genome GCF_000499545.2_ETH001 of the Houghton strain. The results of the comparative genomic analysis indicated that the genome of this isolate contained 46,888 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There were 15,107 small insertion and deletion variations (indels), 1693 structural variations (SV), and 3578 copy number variations (CNV). In addition, 64 broilers were used to determine the resistance profile of Xiantao strain. Drug susceptibility testing revealed that this isolate was completely resistant to monensin, diclazuril, halofuginone, sulfachlorpyrazine sodium, and toltrazuril, but sensitive to decoquinate. These data improve our understanding of drug resistance in avian coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Geng
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Liyan Luo
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaodie Ruan
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bang Shen
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan St. 1, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan St. 1, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan St. 1, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Shanchuan Biotechnology (Wuhan) Co., Ltd, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan St. 1, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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Geng T, Ruan X, Xie Y, Shen B, Fang R, Zhao J, Zhou Y. Anticoccidial activity of a botanical natural product based on eucalyptus, apigenin and eugenol against Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:327. [PMID: 39095927 PMCID: PMC11295687 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken coccidiosis is an intracellular parasitic disease that presents major challenges to the development of the commercial poultry industry. Perennial drug selective pressure has led to the multi-drug resistance of chicken coccidia, which makes the prevention and control of chicken coccidiosis extremely difficult. In recent years, natural plant products have attracted the attention of researchers due to their inherent advantages, such as the absence of veterinary drug residues. The development of these natural products provides a new direction for the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis. METHODS The anticoccidial effect of a natural plant product combination formulation (eucalyptus oil + apigenin + eugenol essential oil) was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. To search for the optimal concentration of the combination formulation, we screened 120 broilers in a chicken cage trial in which 100 broilers were infected with 5 × 104 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts; broilers receiving a decoquinate solution was set up as a chemical control. The optimal anticoccidial concentration was determined by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI), and the suitable concentration was used as the recommended dose for a series of safety dose assessment tests, such as feed conversion ratio (FCR), hematological indices and serum biochemical indices, as well as liver and kidney sections, at onefold (low dose), threefold (medium dose) and sixfold (high dose) the recommended dose (RD). RESULTS The results showed that this combination formulation of three plant natural products had a better anticoccidial effect than formulations containing two plant natural products or a single one, with an ACI of 169.3. The dose gradient anticoccidial test revealed that the high-dose formulation group had a better anticoccidial effect (ACI = 169.2) than the medium- and low-dose groups. The safety evaluation test showed that concentrations of the formulation at one-, three- and sixfold the RD were non-toxic to Arbor Acres broilers, indicating the high safety of the combination formulation. CONCLUSIONS The combination formulation showed not only a moderate anticoccidial effect but also had a high safety profile for broilers. The results of this study indicate a new alternative for the prevention and control of coccidiosis in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Geng
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Ruan
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang Shen
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Shanchuan Biotechnology (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory Preventive Veterinary of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang T, Qu H, Zheng W, Zhang Y, Li Y, Pan T, Li J, Yang W, Cao X, Jiang Y, Wang J, Zeng Y, Shi C, Huang H, Wang C, Yang G, Zhang J, Wang N. Oral vaccination with a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing the Eimeria tenella rhoptry neck 2 protein elicits protective immunity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:277. [PMID: 38943202 PMCID: PMC11212160 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken coccidiosis is a protozoan disease that leads to considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Live oocyst vaccination is currently the most effective measure for the prevention of coccidiosis. However, it provides limited protection with several drawbacks, such as poor immunological protection and potential reversion to virulence. Therefore, the development of effective and safe vaccines against chicken coccidiosis is still urgently needed. METHODS In this study, a novel oral vaccine against Eimeria tenella was developed by constructing a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (NC8) strain expressing the E. tenella RON2 protein. We administered recombinant L. plantarum orally at 3, 4 and 5 days of age and again at 17, 18 and 19 days of age. Meanwhile, each chick in the commercial vaccine group was immunized with 3 × 102 live oocysts of coccidia. A total of 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella were inoculated in each chicken at 30 days. Then, the immunoprotection effect was evaluated after E. tenella infection. RESULTS The results showed that the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the proliferative ability of spleen lymphocytes, inflammatory cytokine levels and specific antibody titers of chicks immunized with recombinant L. plantarum were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The relative body weight gains were increased and the number of oocysts per gram (OPG) was decreased after E. tenella challenge. Moreover, the lesion scores and histopathological cecum sections showed that recombinant L. plantarum can significantly relieve pathological damage in the cecum. The ACI was 170.89 in the recombinant L. plantarum group, which was higher than the 150.14 in the commercial vaccine group. CONCLUSIONS These above results indicate that L. plantarum expressing RON2 improved humoral and cellular immunity and enhanced immunoprotection against E. tenella. The protective efficacy was superior to that of vaccination with the commercial live oocyst vaccine. This study suggests that recombinant L. plantarum expressing the RON2 protein provides a promising strategy for vaccine development against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hangfan Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Tianxu Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guilian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- College of Foreign Languages, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Peng F, Duan J, He X, Xie K, Song Z. Effects of dietary water-soluble extract of rosemary supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae118. [PMID: 38682892 PMCID: PMC11103105 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of water-soluble extract of rosemary (WER) on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), and evaluate the anticoccidial activity of WER. 360 1-d-old Chinese indigenous male yellow-feathered broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six groups: blank control (BC) group and infected control (IC) group received a basal diet; positive control (PC) group, received a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg diclazuril; WER100, WER200, and WER300 groups received a basal diet containing 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg WER, respectively. On day 21, all birds in the infected groups (IC, PC, WER100, WER200, and WER300) were orally gavaged with 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of 8 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, and birds in the BC group were administrated an aliquot of PBS dilution. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg WER increased the average daily gain of broilers compared to the IC group from days 22 to 29 (P < 0.001). The anticoccidial index values of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg WER were 137.49, 157.41, and 144.22, respectively, which indicated that WER exhibited moderate anticoccidial activity. Compared to the IC group, the groups supplemented with WER (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) significantly lowered fecal oocyst output (P < 0.001) and cecal coccidia oocysts, alleviated intestinal damage and maintained the integrity of intestinal epithelium. Dietary supplementation with WER significantly improved antioxidant capacity, elevated the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A, and diminished inflammation within the cecum, particularly at a dosage of 200 mg/kg. The results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg WER could improve broiler growth performance and alleviate intestinal damage caused by coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
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Villar-Patiño G, Camacho-Rea MDC, Olvera-García ME, Baltazar-Vázquez JC, Gómez-Verduzco G, Téllez G, Labastida A, Ramírez-Pérez AH. Effect of an Alliaceae Encapsulated Extract on Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Eimeria spp. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3884. [PMID: 38136921 PMCID: PMC10740721 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of an Alliaceae encapsulated extract (AE-e) on daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), oocysts per gram of feces (OPG), intestinal lesion (LS), and microbiota composition in broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 4800 one day Cobb-500 were allotted into 10 treatment groups with 12 replicates of 40 birds in a 2 × 4 + 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was non-challenged (NC) or challenged (C), the second was four levels of AE-e added in the basal diet, 0 (AE0), 250 (AE250), 500 (AE500), and 750 mg·kg-1 (AE750), plus two ionophore controls, non-challenged (NC-Ion) and challenged (C-Ion). No interactions were observed between factors (NC0, NC250, NC500, NC750, C0, C250, C500, and C750), while C-Ion improved FCR at 21 d. The challenge affected negatively ADG and FCR and promoted enteropathogens in cecum. AE750 improved FCR in the finisher and cumulative phases, while C-Ion had fewer total OPG than C0 and C250. Likewise, at 21d, C250, C500, and C-Ion had fewer LS than C0, while at 28 d, C750 showed lower than C-Ion. In the cecum microbiota, C500 had more Ruminococcus, Firmicutes b, and Intestinimonas than C-Ion. In summary, AE-e showed beneficial results in broilers infected with Eimeria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villar-Patiño
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud y de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
- Grupo Nutec, Avenida de las Fuentes No. 14, Parque Industrial Bernardo Quintana, El Marqués 76246, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - María del Carmen Camacho-Rea
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Myrna Elena Olvera-García
- Grupo Nutec, Avenida de las Fuentes No. 14, Parque Industrial Bernardo Quintana, El Marqués 76246, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Julio César Baltazar-Vázquez
- Specialized Animal Nutrition Research Network, Grupo Nutec, La Valla, San Juan del Río 76814, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Gómez-Verduzco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Aurora Labastida
- OMICs Analysis, Camino a Xilotepetl No. 45, Tepoztlán 62520, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Aurora Hilda Ramírez-Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
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