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Lambert MÈ, Arsenault J, Côté JC, D'Allaire S. A descriptive study on spatial and temporal distributions of genetic clusters of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infecting pig sites in Quebec, Canada, between 2010 and 2019. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38273419 PMCID: PMC10809575 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains combined with incomplete heterologous cross-protection complicates the management of the disease at both the herd and the regional levels. The objectives of this study were to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of various PRRSV genetic clusters infecting pig sites in Quebec, Canada, and to compare PRRSV regional diversity of wild-type sequences over the years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective surveillance-based study was conducted on all pig sites which had PRRSV ORF5 sequences from field submissions transferred into the Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine database from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from multiple sequence alignment was used to identify genetic clusters. For each wild-type cluster gathering ≥ 15 sequences, the number of pig sites in which the cluster was detected per administrative region and per year were displayed on bubble charts and the spatiotemporal distribution of pig sites was illustrated using pie chart maps. A molecular analysis of variance was performed to compare PRRSV wild-type sequence diversity according to the administrative region for each year. RESULTS A total of 32 wild-type clusters gathering 1653 PRRSV2 sequences from 693 pig sites were described. Each cluster was detected on up to 132 pig sites and 7 administrative regions over the 10-year period. Annually, the mean (min-max) number of wild-type clusters detected in at least one pig site reached 24 (17-29). Some clusters remained localized on a few sites over time whereas others were widespread over the territory during a few or many years. For each year, regional differences were also observed in PRRSV diversity of wild-type sequences. CONCLUSIONS The differences observed in both the spatiotemporal distributions of PRRSV clusters and in the regional diversity of wild-type sequences highlight the importance of ongoing provincial surveillance to improve collective PRRS management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Lambert
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Charles Côté
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie D'Allaire
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de médecine porcine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole - Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Fornyos K, Búza L, Makkai I, Polyák F, Pogácsás I, Savoia L, Szegedi L, Bálint Á, Jakab S, Bányai K, Szabó I. Sampling Strategies in PRRS Elimination in Hungary: An Observational Study Involving Four Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herds. Vet Sci 2023; 10:546. [PMID: 37756068 PMCID: PMC10537740 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRS elimination strategies often rely on depopulation-repopulation. However, this approach is accompanied by a long-term loss of production. With adequate control measures, such as well-designed immunization programs and technological changes along with prevalence-based laboratory testing, the virus-free status of the most vulnerable age groups in swine herds can be achieved. The most common reason for acquiring PRRSV at large farrow-to-finish swine farm units is that the previously settled fattening pigs serve as a source of infection for the newly reared PRRS-free animals. Following such unwanted events, PRRSV may persist in an affected establishment for several years. In this observational study, we selected four farrow-to-finish type swine herds. We implemented different laboratory testing protocols to find the most optimal solution for a successful PRRS elimination program. To aid our objectives, we used a DIVA PCR technique. The PRRS DIVA PCR assay is a fast, reliable method to identify sows shedding farm-specific PRRSV strain(s). As a result of elimination efforts at the sentinel pig herds, we found that reliable detection of wild-type PRRSV shedding among sows requires sampling at least three weaned piglets per litter. The strict adherence to this sampling protocol, the systematic use of laboratory methods that quickly detect the presence of wild virulent virus in the herd during the rearing period and the culling of DIVA PCR positive litters and their sows decreased the presence of the resident virus markedly. These procedures at Hungarian farrow-to-finish type farms successfully inhibited the wild-type PRRSV infection of different age groups. The results of this study demonstrate that applying this methodology together with strict biosecurity measures enabled us to reach PRRS-vaccinated-free status in large, farrow-to-finish herds within two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Fornyos
- Animal Health Testing Laboratory, Eurofins Vetcontrol Ltd., H-1211 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Búza
- Intervet Hungaria Ltd., Lechner Ödön Fasor 10/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (L.B.); (I.M.)
| | - István Makkai
- Intervet Hungaria Ltd., Lechner Ödön Fasor 10/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary; (L.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Ferenc Polyák
- Tedej Agricultural Producing and Service Corporation, Fő út 9, H-4085 Hajdúnánás, Hungary;
| | - Imre Pogácsás
- Hajdúdorog Bocskai Agricultural Corporation, Nánási út 7, H-4087 Hajdúdorog, Hungary;
| | - Luca Savoia
- Triagro Ltd., Klein Telep Triagro, H-4731 Tunyogmatolcs, Hungary;
| | - László Szegedi
- Nagyhegyesi Agrár, Kűlső Újvárosi út 0358/13. Hrsz, H-4220 Hajdúböszörmény, Hungary;
| | - Ádám Bálint
- National Food Chain Safety Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Jakab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, H-1021 Budapest, Hungary;
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Machado IF, Magalhães ES, Poeta Silva APS, Moraes DCA, Cezar G, Mil-Homens MP, Osemeke OH, Paiva R, Moura CAA, Gauger P, Trevisan G, Silva GS, Linhares DCL. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in tongue tips from dead animals. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:993442. [PMID: 36213411 PMCID: PMC9533096 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.993442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) hinges on monitoring and surveillance. The objective of this study was to assess PRRSV RNA detection by RT-PCR in tongue tips from dead suckling piglets compared to serum samples, processing fluids, and family oral fluids. Tongue tips and serum samples were collected from three PRRSV-positive breeding herd farms (farms A, B, and C) of three different age groups: newborns (<24 h), processing (2 to 7 days of age), and weaning (18 to 22 days of age). Additionally, processing fluids and family oral fluids were collected from 2–7 days of age and weaning age, respectively. In farms A and B, PRRSV RNA was detected in tongue tips from all age groups (100 and 95%, respectively). In addition, PRRSV RNA was detected in pooled serum samples (42 and 27%), processing fluids (100 and 50%), and family oral fluids (11 and 22%). Interestingly, the average Ct value from tongue tips was numerically lower than the average Ct value from serum samples in the newborn age. In farm C, PRRSV RNA was only detected in serum samples (60%) and family oral fluids (43%), both from the weaning age. Further, no PRRSV RNA was detected in tongue tips when pooled serum samples from the same age group tested PRRSV RNA-negative. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential value of tongue tips for PRRSV monitoring and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora F. Machado
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Edison S. Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ana Paula S. Poeta Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel C. A. Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Guilherme Cezar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mafalda P. Mil-Homens
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Onyekachukwu H. Osemeke
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo Paiva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Phillip Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gustavo S. Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniel C. L. Linhares
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