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Talib M, Nabeel MA, Haq SU, Waqas MS, Jamil H, Aqib AI, Muneer A, Fouad D, Ataya FS. Recent Trends in S. aureus and E. coli-Based Endometritis, and the Therapeutic Evaluation of Sodium Alginate-Based Antibiotics and Nanoparticles. Gels 2023; 9:955. [PMID: 38131941 PMCID: PMC10742869 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum infection of the uterus by pathogenic bacteria is exacerbated due to a lack of sufficient epidemiological studies and evidence-based therapeutics. Therefore, this study was planned to find the prevalence, risk factors, and drug-resistance profile of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from bovine endometritis and to evaluate the antibacterial potential of sodium alginate-based antibiotics and nanoparticles. The study revealed 34.21% S. aureus and 31.57% E. coli, whereas most of the assumed risk factors presented significant association in this study. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against fusidic acid (60%) and cefoxitin (50%), while the highest resistance in E. coli was found against fusidic acid (60%), gentamicin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and cefoxitin (50%). Tylosin coupled with MgO nanoparticles stabilized in sodium alginate gel (Tylo + MgO + gel) presented significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, showing 13.88 ± 4.51 µg/mL after 24 h incubation. On the other hand, gel-based preparations showed MIC as 31.25 ± 0 µg/mL (Tylo + gel + MgO) and 26.04 ± 9.02 µg/mL (Tylo + Gel) against S. aureus. Generally, the MICs of non-gel-based preparations were significantly higher against bacteria except ampicillin against S. aureus in this study. The toxicity analysis of MgO nanoparticles presented 20-80% mortality of snails against a wider range of 0.01 mg/mL-10 mg/mL. The histopathological parameters concluded MgO nanoparticles safe to use on off targets. The current study thus concludes the rise in antimicrobial resistance while the gel-based products appearing as effective antimicrobials with sufficient safety margins for off-targets. The study thus invites further investigation for the development of suitable and affordable modified therapeutics for better health and production of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Talib
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.N.); (M.S.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Muhammad Ashir Nabeel
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.N.); (M.S.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Shahbaz Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
| | - Muhammad Salman Waqas
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.N.); (M.S.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Huma Jamil
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.N.); (M.S.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Farid Shokry Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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