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Berry DP, Herman EK, Carthy TR, Jennings R, Bandi-Kenari N, O'Connor RE, Mee JF, O'Donovan J, Mathews D, Stothard P. Characterisation of eight cattle with Swyer syndrome by whole-genome sequencing. Anim Genet 2023; 54:93-103. [PMID: 36504456 DOI: 10.1111/age.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Swyer syndrome is where an individual has the karyotype of a typical male yet is phenotypically a female. The lack of a (functional) SRY gene located on the Y-chromosome is implicated in some cases of the Swyer syndrome, although many Swyer individuals with an apparently fully functional SRY gene have also been documented. The present study undertook whole genome sequence analyses of eight cattle with suspected Swyer syndrome and compared their genome to that of both a control male and female. Sequence analyses coupled with female phenotypes confirmed that all eight individuals had the 60,XY sex reversal Swyer syndrome. Seven of the eight Swyer syndrome individuals had a deletion on the Y chromosome encompassing the SRY gene (i.e., SRY-). The eighth individual had no obvious mutation in the SRY gene (SRY+) or indeed in any reported gene associated with sex reversal in mammals; a necropsy was performed on this individual. No testicles were detected during the necropsy. Histological examination of the reproductive tract revealed an immature uterine body and horns with inactive glandular tissue of normal histological appearance; both gonads were elongated, a characteristic of most reported cases of Swyer in mammals. The flanking sequence of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms within 10 kb of the SRY gene are provided to help diagnose some cases of Swyer syndrome. These single nucleotide polymorphisms will not, however, detect all cases of Swyer syndrome since, as evidenced from the present study (and other studies), some individuals with the Swyer condition still contain the SRY gene (i.e., SRY+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donagh P Berry
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily K Herman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tara R Carthy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Nahid Bandi-Kenari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - John F Mee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Donovan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daragh Mathews
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Ballincollig, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Rifici C, D’Anza E, Zappone V, Albarella S, Grieco V, Quartuccio M, Cristarella S, Mannarino C, Ciotola F, Mazzullo G. An Unusual Case of Collision Testicular Tumor in a Female DSD Dog. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040251. [PMID: 37104406 PMCID: PMC10144422 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Collision tumors (CT) consist of two independent neoplasms with distinct neoplastic populations. Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) are characterized by atypical sexual development leading to various abnormalities of the genital tract. Sex reversal (SR) syndromes are a type of DSD characterized by a discrepancy between chromosomal sex and gonadal development (testes/ovaries) and the presence or the absence of the SRY gene. A phenotypically female 8-year-old Jack Russell terrier dog was referred due to anomalous vaginal discharge and non-pruritic cutaneous bilateral symmetrical alopecia on the flanks. During abdominal palpation, a voluminous mass was detected in the left quadrant area, later confirmed by ultrasound. The owner decided to proceed with euthanasia and necropsy. In the abdominal cavity, the left gonad was increased in size, the right one and the uterus were decreased, and the vagina and vulva appeared to be thickened. Histologically, both gonads were revealed to be testes: the left one was affected by a double neoplastic component (sustentacular tumor and interstitial cell tumor), whereas the right gonad showed coarctated seminiferous tubules. PCR amplification of the genes SRY and AMELX revealed the absence of the MSY region of the Y chromosome. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report describing a case of a testicular collision tumor in a DSD SRY-negative dog.
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Oral methylene blue treatment in a dog with cytochrome b 5 reductase deficiency and 78, XX testicular disorder of sex development. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 49:100649. [PMID: 35202847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 6-month-old mixed breed dog was referred for evaluation of a potential disorder of sex development (DSD) and lower than expected energy level. Genitourinary examination revealed ambiguous external genitalia, hypospadias, and a subtle pouch of skin that resembled an empty scrotum. Corrective surgery was planned and subsequently aborted after cyanosis was identified preoperatively and an arterial blood gas analysis by co-oximetry identified increased methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration (35%, normal < 2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. Ensuing investigations confirmed hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) deficiency via molecular genetic (Arg219Pro homozygous variant in CYB5R3 gene) and biochemical (cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme activity of 8% [normal, 100% activity] testing. Karyotyping and molecular analysis of sex chromosomes revealed the dog was genetically female with a normal female karyotype (78,XX), and was negative for the Y-linked SRY gene and positive for the X-linked androgen receptor gene. Methylene blue (MB, 3.3 mg/kg per os [PO] q24 h) was administered and the MetHb concentration decreased to 9% within 14 days. Urogenital revision surgery proceeded without complication and the dog was maintained on MB (3-4 mg/kg PO q24 h) long-term without adverse effects. This is the first report to describe the use of PO MB to decrease MetHb concentrations in a dog with CYB5R deficiency in preparation for anesthesia and highlights its potential as a viable alternative to the intravenous formulation for elective procedures. In addition, this report describes the clinical, molecular, imaging, surgical, and macroscopic and microscopic pathological features of a dog with SRY-negative, 78,XX testicular DSD.
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Hendawy H, Yoshida T, Ma D, Takeuchi A, Ozai Y, Hamabe L, Tanaka R. Clinical and diagnostic approach of male pseudo hermaphroditism with os‐clitoris in French bulldog: A case report. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:953-958. [PMID: 35156328 PMCID: PMC9122445 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Case report Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hendawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Danfu Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Aki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Ozai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
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Walter B, Flock U, Leykam C, Otzdorff C, Simmet K, Hecht W, Kempker L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Reese S. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106654. [PMID: 34509739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may have their origin in alterations of the chromosomal, gonadal or phenotypic sex. Affected animals are usually presented because of ambiguous external genitalia, seldom because of reproductive disorders. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted in the gonads with higher amounts in males than in females and can be used to identify gonadal tissue in sexually normally developed dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic potential of serum AMH to identify testicular tissue in 11 dogs with DSD. The diagnostic procedures applied were: determination of the phenotypic sex (n = 11), genital ultrasound (n = 9), determination of the SRY gene (n = 11), karyogram (n = 6), gonadectomy (n = 11), pathohistology of the gonads (n = 10), serum AMH measurement (n = 11). 39 female dogs described in a previous study and 19 male dogs with a normal spermiogram served as controls for the AMH serum concentrations in sexually intact dogs. The 11 dogs with DSD were classified as 7 XY DSD and 4 XX DSD. Presumptive testes were obtained in 10 dogs and 1 dog had an ovotestis combined with a testis. Mean serum AMH values of the dogs with DSD were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in male and female controls. The upper limit of the AMH test (≥ 23ng/ml) was reached in 6 dogs. High AMH concentrations have been described previously in cryptorchid dogs. 1 dog with a male phenotype and 2 with a female phenotype had AMH values within the range of the male controls, although all of them had cryptorchid testes. A Poodle, in which epididymis were identified but no definitive gonads, had an AMH concentration of the lower limit of the test (≤ 0.01 ng/ml), comparable to previously described castrated dogs. This study indicates that serum AMH levels are a useful diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in dogs with DSD and suggests the possible use of AMH to diagnose testicular dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - U Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Leykam
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - W Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Kempker
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - S Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Szczerbal I, Nizanski W, Dzimira S, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Stachecka J, Biezynski J, Ligocka Z, Jagodka D, Fabian-Kurzok H, Switonski M. Chromosome abnormalities in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 230:106771. [PMID: 34034132 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) caused by chromosome abnormalities are rarely diagnosed in dogs. In this report, there is a focus on five DSD cases in which the dogs had abnormal karyotypes. All animals were recognized by owners as females, however, these dogs had a large number of reproductive defects. Among these were abnormal external genitalia such as an enlarged clitoris, abnormal development of the labia, abnormal location of the vulva and urethral orifice, and other abnormalities were observed in four dogs. Gonadal histology assessments were conducted on three dogs and there were diagnoses of the presence of an ovary, inactive testes, and ovotestis with calcification in ovarian follicles. Results from cytogenetic analysis indicated there were the following karyotypes: (a) X trisomy in a mosaic form (79,XXX/78,XX); (b) Robertsonian translocation in a mosaic form (77,XX,rob/78,XX); (c) nonmosaic X/autosome translocation (78,X,t(X;A)); (d) X/autosome translocation in a mosaic form (78,X,t(X;A)/78,XX); and (e) leukocyte chimerism (78,XX/78,XY). The findings in the present study, emphasize that cytogenetic analysis is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of DSD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Stachecka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Hanna Fabian-Kurzok
- Ara S.C. Veterinary Clinic, Plebiscytowa 7, 47-220, Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Szczerbal I, Switonski M. Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:947. [PMID: 33801756 PMCID: PMC8066086 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
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Sperm Global DNA Methylation (SGDM) in Semen of Healthy Dogs. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8030050. [PMID: 33802963 PMCID: PMC8002840 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is an emerging problem in both humans and animals, and the knowledge of its causes is the first step to identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In humans, alteration of sperm DNA methylation have been related to poor quality semen, impaired seminal parameters, azoospermia and reduced fertility. Although semen analysis is routinely used to evaluate the male reproductive potential in the canine species, no authors have attempted to relate semen characteristics to the sperm global DNA methylation (SGDM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the SGDM level in healthy dogs and to correlate it with semen parameters that are currently used in dog semen analyses. Conventional and unconventional (sperm DNA fragmentation and SGDM) seminal parameters of thirty dogs from different breeds were evaluated. A positive correlation was found between SGDM and sperm concentration (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), and total sperm count (r = 0.61; p < 0.001); SGDM was significantly lower in oligozoospermic vs non-oligozoospermic dogs (4.3% vs. 8.7%; p < 0.005). Our findings suggest that SGDM levels are related to conventional seminal parameters, and could be used as a marker of testis function and spermatogenesis in dogs.
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Peretti V, Satué K, Ciotola F, Cristarella S, De Majo M, Biondi V, D’Anza E, Albarella S, Quartuccio M. An Unusual Case of Testicular Disorder in Sex Development of Arabian Mare (64,XX SRY-Negative). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111963. [PMID: 33113813 PMCID: PMC7693820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An interesting case of a horse with an XX, SRY-negative disorder of sexual development (DSD) is reported in this paper. In particular, the animal showed the development of both male and female portions of reproductive organs. The possible genetic background of this abnormality is also discussed. Abstract A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Peretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536502; Fax: +39-081-292981
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
| | - Massimo De Majo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
| | - Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
| | - Emanuele D’Anza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (E.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (M.D.M.); (V.B.); (M.Q.)
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