1
|
Wong CF, Saif UM, Chow KL, Wong JTF, Chen XW, Liang Y, Cheng Z, Tsang YF, Wong MH, Man YB. Applications of charcoal, activated charcoal, and biochar in aquaculture - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172574. [PMID: 38641094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution and poor feed quality pose potential threats to aquatic organisms and human health, representing challenges for the aquaculture industry. In light of the rising demand for aquatic organisms, there is an urgent need to improve aquacultural production and protect the products from contamination. Char, a carbonaceous material derived through pyrolysis of organic carbon-rich biomass, has proven advantages in soil, air, and water remediation. While char's performance and the associated physicochemical characteristics depend strongly on the pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and feedstock type, char generally shows advantages in pollutant removal from the environment and livestock. This enables it to enhance the health and growth performance of livestock. Given the growing attention to char application in aquaculture in recent years, this review summarises major studies on three applications: aquacultural water treatment, sediment remediation, and char-feed supplement. Most of these studies have demonstrated char's positive effects on pollutant removal from organisms and aquacultural environments. Moreover, adopting char as fish feed can improve fish growth performance and the condition of their intestinal villi. However, due to insufficient literature, further investigation is needed into the mechanistic aspects of pollutants removal in aquatic organisms by char as a feed additive, such as the transportation of char inside aquatic organisms, the positive and negative effects of char on these products, and how char alters the gut microbiota community of these products. This paper presents an overview of the current application of char in aquaculture and highlights the research areas that require further investigation to enrich future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Uddin Md Saif
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Lai Chow
- Division of Applied Science, College of International Education, School of Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shek Mun, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Tsz Fung Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xun Wen Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Fu X, Wang L, Guo X, Dong B. Sorption of phenols and flavonoids on activated charcoal improves protein metabolism, antioxidant status, immunity, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327455. [PMID: 38274659 PMCID: PMC10808307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that activated charcoal sorption of Chinese herbal extracts is more effective than activated charcoal. The present study was designed to investigate whether phenols and flavonoids have an effect on nutrient metabolism, antioxidant activity, immunity, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Seven diets [basal diet (CON); CON supplemented with 450 mg/kg of activated charcoal (AC); CON supplemented with 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or 7,500 mg/kg of phenolic acids and flavonoids (PF) to AC (PFAC)]. PFAC was the complex of AC sorption of PF in the ratio of 9:1. These dietary treatments for broilers lasted for 42 days. Results showed that at d 21, all doses of PFAC altered serum levels of total protein, albumin, and creatinine compared to AC (p < 0.05). Both PFAC and AC altered HDL-, LDL-, and VLDL-cholesterol levels compared to CON (p < 0.05). PFAC at 500 mg/kg (450 mg/kg AC+ 50 mg/kg phenolic acids and flavonoids) increased serum IgA and IgM (p < 0.05), but AC at 450 mg/kg did not, compared to CON. At d 42, breast and thigh muscles of PFAC-treated broilers had higher free radical scavenging activities compared to CON (p < 0.05), but AC had no such effect. PFAC at 500 mg/kg increased villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared to CON (p < 0.05), but AC had no such response. PFAC at 500 mg/kg effectively improved protein and lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology, but AC had no such effect at a similar dose. Excessive PFAC (7,500 mg/kg) showed no significant side effects on broiler growth, liver damage, or hematology. These results suggest that phenols and flavonoids, in cooperation with activated charcoal, provide the majority of the functions of the herbal extract from multiple Chinese medicinal herbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Hepatology National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqi Fu
- Institute for Hepatology National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Plateau Animal Nutrition and Feed Laboratory, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|