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Buder C, Meemken D, Fürstenberg R, Langforth S, Kirse A, Langkabel N. Drinking Pipes and Nipple Drinkers in Pig Abattoir Lairage Pens-A Source of Zoonotic Pathogens as a Hazard to Meat Safety. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2554. [PMID: 37894212 PMCID: PMC10609512 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The water distribution system in the lairage pens of abattoirs could act as a route of contamination for produced meat. In this study, biofilm formation and the occurrence of specific pathogens in drinking equipment was investigated in different lairage pens in a German commercial pig abattoir. Samples of the water and the drinkers in different locations were microbiologically cultivated and examined. After new drinking equipment had been installed for one month, three months and five years, biofilm formation was detectable, and retrograde growth from the nipple drinkers was seen up to the connection with the main water distribution system. In particular, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. were found in all samplings of the nipple drinkers. Zoonotic pathogens, Salmonella, pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were also isolated from the nipple drinkers, while Listeria monocytogenes was not detected via microbial cultivation methods in any of the samples. Since the pigs take the contaminated nipple drinkers into their mouths to drink, or drink contaminated water containing the pathogens, transmission and even infection of the pigs in the lairage can be assumed. This could consequently lead to contamination or cross-contamination of the meat during slaughter and processing and to a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Buder
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (C.B.); (R.F.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (C.B.); (R.F.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Fürstenberg
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (C.B.); (R.F.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susann Langforth
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (C.B.); (R.F.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Kirse
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Nina Langkabel
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (C.B.); (R.F.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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René R, Sebastian V, Marlies D, Lukas S, Annemarie K, Andrea L. Risk factors associated with post-weaning diarrhoea in Austrian piglet-producing farms. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 37170128 PMCID: PMC10176918 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a frequent, multifactorial disease of piglets leading to increased mortality rates and high economic losses. Due to the emergence of multi-resistant Escherichia coli isolates and the ban of zinc oxide (ZnO) in the EU since June 2022, alternative measures to prevent PWD are urgently needed. While an abundance of feed supplements is described to prevent PWD, there are hardly any studies reflecting the current situation of PWD in the field. Thus, we aimed to identify differences in management practices, housing and feeding strategies between farms with PWD and farms without PWD. Data were personally collected using a semi-structured questionnaire in 257 Austrian piglet-producing farms. Farms with PWD in more than 10% of all weaned groups within twelve months prior to data collection were defined as case farms (n = 101), while the remaining 136 farms were defined as control farms. Data from 237 farms and 69 explanatory variables were analysed via penalized binary logistic regression using elastic-net in 100 different splits into randomly selected training and test datasets (80:20). Treatment with ZnO and/or colistin (136 farms) was negatively associated with PWD in all splits and had the biggest estimated absolute log odds ratio out of all tested variables. Implementation of an all-in/all-out system in the nursery units and administration of probiotics or horseradish also had preventive effects in most splits (≥ 97%). A higher number of feeding phases for piglets within the first seven weeks of life and housing on fully slatted floors was associated negatively with the occurrence of PWD as well in > 95% of all splits. PWD was more likely to occur on farms having problems with neonatal diarrhoea or postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. While our data demonstrate that treatment with ZnO or colistin had the biggest statistical effect on PWD, we were able to identify other preventive measures like supplementation with probiotics or horseradish. Since implementation of all-in/all-out measures and fully slatted floors were also negatively associated with the occurrence of PWD on visited farms, we assume that reduction of bacterial load by the implementation of simple hygiene measures are still crucial to prevent PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhammer René
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | - Vetter Sebastian
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Dolezal Marlies
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Schwarz Lukas
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Käsbohrer Annemarie
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Ladinig Andrea
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Georgaki D, Vandael F, Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira H, Filippitzi ME, De Backer P, Devreese M, Dewulf J, Croubels S. Qualitative risk assessment of homogeneity, stability, and residual concentrations of antimicrobials in medicated feed and drinking water in pig rearing. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:9. [PMID: 36639815 PMCID: PMC9837973 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the common use of oral group treatment in pig rearing, the magnitude of the factors influencing the homogeneity and stability of antimicrobial drugs in medicated feed and medicated drinking water are largely unknown, as well as the residual concentrations of the drugs after the end of the treatment. RESULTS This study presents a qualitative risk assessment to estimate the magnitude of the risks for reduced homogeneity and stability, and increased residual concentrations of antimicrobial drugs in medicated feed and drinking water on the farm. Risk assessment was done using a questionnaire and farm visits (n = 52), combined with a second questionnaire, and concentrations of amoxicillin and doxycycline measured in medicated feed and water samples, each collected on 10 farms. For medicated feed, the duration of storage in the silo did not show to influence the concentration levels in a consistent trend, while the treatment duration had a low to negligible effect. A moderate to high risk was found caused by human error when preparing the medicated feed on the farm. Purchased medicated feed greatly reduces the risk of human error and drugs remain stable during the duration of treatment, while the risk of residual concentrations after the end of the treatment was estimated to be low to moderate. The feed intake variability was identified as a moderate to high risk factor. For medicated drinking water, the type of dosing pump, age of pre-solution, and human errors during the preparation of the pre-solution present a moderate to high risk on homogeneity and stability. Precipitation of the active substance in the absence of a stirrer in a drinking water tank was shown to be a low to moderate risk factor for residues after treatment. Waterline length had a weak correlation with the concentrations of the antimicrobials, while a moderate to high influence was detected for the water intake by the pigs. CONCLUSIONS A considerable variation in drug concentration in both medicated feed and medicated drinking water was detected depending on their preparation. Therefore, it is important to know which factors influence the homogeneity and stability, and the residual concentrations after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Georgaki
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Femke Vandael
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Helena Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maria Eleni Filippitzi
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patrick De Backer
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Little S, Woodward A, Browning G, Billman-Jacobe H. Water use patterns within each day: Variation between batches of growing pigs in commercial production systems. JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION 2023. [DOI: 10.54846/jshap/1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To measure, describe, and compare the water use patterns within each day for multiple cohorts of weaner, grower, and finisher pigs in farm buildings. Materials and methods: Prospective, observational cohort studies of the water use patterns within each day were conducted in 5 pig buildings using either a turbine or ultrasonic water flow meter attached to the main water pipe entering each building. Water use data were collected from multiple batches of pigs (second-stage weaners over eleven 48-day periods and grower-finishers over 4 periods of 21-43 days). Semi-parametric models of pig water use patterns within each day were estimated using the brms software package in R. To estimate the interacting effects of time and pig body weight on water use by pigs, we used tensor product smooths for time and pig body weight. Results: The water use pattern within each day varied between the cohorts, and the pattern of many cohorts changed as the pigs gained weight. Some patterns were unimodal and others were bimodal, with the main peak in water use occurring early afternoon to late afternoon. Implications: Water use patterns of pigs within each day varied between and within cohorts. The water use pattern of one cohort cannot be used reliably to predict that of other cohorts, even if they are reared in the same building. Water use pattern data may be valuable for optimizing in-water antimicrobial dosing regimens.
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Samuel R. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Less than 1000 ppm in Drinking Water Did Not Impact Nursery Pig Performance. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110622. [PMID: 36356099 PMCID: PMC9695767 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) in water have been reported to increase the incidence of diarrhea and reduce nursery pig growth performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drinking water with high concentrations of TDS from sulfate salts on nursery pigs. Weaned pigs sorted to equalize gender were placed in 44 pens with 26 pigs per pen. One of four water treatments was randomly assigned to each pen: (1) combination of CaSO4, MgSO4, and NaSO4; (2) CaSO4; (3) MgSO4; (4) NaSO4. Access to water and feed (nursery diets fed in four phases) was unrestricted throughout. The weights of pens were measured, feed remaining on weigh days was calculated, and pen water meters were read on d 0, 7, 21, 35, and 42. Water treatment did not affect (p > 0.07) average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or gut integrity of pigs. Water disappearance tended to be greater (p = 0.10) in pens receiving the CaSO4 water compared to the combination treatment from d 21 to 35. The TDS concentrations from sulfate salts used in this experiment did not impact the growth performance or feed or water disappearance of newly weaned nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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