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Bujok J, Pavľak A, Walski T, Zigo F, Trochanowska-Pauk N, Bohara R, Miśta D. Changes in the blood redox status of horses subjected to combat training. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105219. [PMID: 38471346 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Combat training of police horses, involving physical activity in the presence of environmental stressors, poses a risk of oxidative stress. This study compared the oxidative imbalance after combat training in horses in the regular police service and in horses that had just been schooled. Blood collection was performed immediately after training and after 16 h rest. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined as the markers of enzymatic antioxidant defence. At the same time, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (Carb) were assessed as oxidation biomarkers. Additionally, oxidative imbalance indexes such as SOD/CAT, SOD/GPx, TBARS/TAS and TBARS/GPx were calculated. Animals during schooling had significantly lower SOD activity in erythrocytes than those experienced. CAT activity in erythrocytes was insignificantly higher immediately after training than during recovery. The SOD/GPx ratio was higher in experienced animals, which may reflect the intra-erythrocyte imbalance between enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide towards the first one. The concentration of carbonyl groups was significantly higher after the combat training compared to the recovery period in all horses. In inexperienced animals slight increase in TBARS/TAS and TBARS/GPx indexes were observed during the recovery time after exercises, contrary to experienced horses, in which these markers decreased slightly. These results suggest that the oxidative imbalance in inexperienced horses, although less pronounced just after combat training, was more prolonged as compared to horses in regular service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Bujok
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Alexander Pavľak
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Tomasz Walski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Raghvendra Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Upper Newcastle, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Encina A, Ligero M, Sánchez-Guerrero MJ, Rodríguez-Sainz de los Terreros A, Bartolomé E, Valera M. Phenotypic and Genetic Study of the Presence of Hair Whorls in Pura Raza Español Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2943. [PMID: 37760344 PMCID: PMC10525084 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair whorls are a hereditary feature in horses that may be associated with temperament and coat color. Hair whorls are described as changes in the hair pattern and may take various forms, such as circular and linear whorls. We first carried out a frequency analysis of hair whorls (circular and linear). Next, a Generalized Non-Linear Model was computed to assess the significance of some potential influencing factors, and a genetic parameter estimation was performed. ENDOG software v4.8 was used to estimate the inbreeding coefficient of all the animals analyzed. It was more common to find horses with circular hair whorls than with linear whorls. The heritability ranges obtained were, in general, medium-high for both circular whorls (0.20 to 0.90) and linear whorls (0.44 to 0.84). High positive correlations were found on the between left and right positions, indicating a tendency to symmetry in certain locations. The laterality of hair whorls was also evidenced, with the biggest concentration on the left-hand side, particularly in gray horses, showing circular whorls below the central line of eyes, which has been associated in a previous paper with a calmer and more docile temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Encina
- Real Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caballos de Pura Raza Española (ANCCE), 41014 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Manuel Ligero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniaría Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.L.); (M.J.S.-G.); (E.B.); (M.V.)
| | - María José Sánchez-Guerrero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniaría Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.L.); (M.J.S.-G.); (E.B.); (M.V.)
| | | | - Ester Bartolomé
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniaría Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.L.); (M.J.S.-G.); (E.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Mercedes Valera
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniaría Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (M.L.); (M.J.S.-G.); (E.B.); (M.V.)
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Basal Reactivity Evaluated by Infrared Thermography in the "Caballo de Deporte Español" Horse Breed According to Its Coat Color. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192515. [PMID: 36230256 PMCID: PMC9559532 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses have been valued for their diversity of coat color since prehistoric times. In particular, the pleiotropic effect that coat color genes have on behavior determines the way the horse perceives and reacts to its environment. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of coat color on basal reactivity assessed with infrared thermography as eye temperature at rest (ETR), determine their relation with the results obtained by these horses in Show Jumping competitions and to estimate the genetic parameters for this variable to test its suitability for genetic selection. A General Linear Model (GLM) and Duncan post-hoc analysis indicated differences in ETR due to coat color, sex, age, location, and breed-group factors. A Spearman’s rank correlation of 0.11 (p < 0.05) was found with ranking, indicating that less reactive horses were more likely to achieve better rankings. Heritability values ranged from 0.17 to 0.22 and were computed with a model with genetic groups and a model with residual variance heterogeneity. Breeding values were higher with the last genetic model, thus demonstrating the pleiotropic effect of coat color. These results indicate that ETR has a suitable genetic basis to be used in the breeding program to select for basal reactivity due to coat color.
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