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Corcionivoschi N, Balta I, McCleery D, Pet I, Iancu T, Julean C, Marcu A, Stef L, Morariu S. Blends of Organic Acids Are Weaponizing the Host iNOS and Nitric Oxide to Reduce Infection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:542. [PMID: 38790647 PMCID: PMC11118739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For the last 30 years, Piscirickettsia salmonis has caused major economic losses to the aquaculture industry as the aetiological agent for the piscirickettsiosis disease. Replacing the current interventions, based on antibiotics, with natural alternatives (e.g., organic acids) represents a priority. With this study, we aimed to better understand their biological mechanism of action in an in vitro model of infection with salmon epithelial cells (CHSE-214). Our first observation revealed that at the sub-inhibitory concentration of 0.5%, the organic acid blend (Aq) protected epithelial cell integrity and significantly reduced P. salmonis invasion. The MIC was established at 1% Aq and the MBC at 2% against P. salmonis. The sub-inhibitory concentration significantly increased the expression of the antimicrobial peptides Cath2 and Hepcidin1, and stimulated the activity of the innate immune effector iNOS. The increase in iNOS activity also led to higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) being released in the extracellular space. The exposure of P. salmonis to the endogenous NO caused an increase in bacterial lipid peroxidation levels, a damaging effect which can ultimately reduce the pathogen's ability to attach or multiply intracellularly. We also demonstrate that the increased NO release by the host CHSE-214 cells is a consequence of direct exposure to Aq and is not dependent on P. salmonis infection. Additionally, the presence of Aq during P. salmonis infection of CHSE-214 cells significantly mitigated the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, and IFNγ. Taken together, these results indicate that, unlike antibiotics, natural antimicrobials can weaponize the iNOS pathway and secreted nitric oxide to reduce infection and inflammation in a Piscirickettsia salmonis in vitro model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK;
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (C.J.); (A.M.); (L.S.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street, No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Igori Balta
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (C.J.); (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - David McCleery
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (C.J.); (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- Faculty of Management and Rural Development, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Calin Julean
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (C.J.); (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Adela Marcu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (C.J.); (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (C.J.); (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Sorin Morariu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
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Pardo A, Villasante A, Romero J. Skin Microbial Community Associated to Strawberry Disease in Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). Microorganisms 2024; 12:217. [PMID: 38276202 PMCID: PMC10818565 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a crucial role in addressing the growing global demand for food. However, diseases associated with intensive aquaculture practices, especially those affecting the skin, can present significant challenges to both fish health and the industry as a whole. Strawberry disease (SD), also known as red-mark syndrome, is a persistent and non-lethal skin condition observed in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the United States and various European countries. SD is a nonlethal skin condition of an unclear etiology that affects rainbow trout reared in freshwater close to the harvest period. We used a RNA-based approach to examine active microbiota in the SD skin lesions and compared to non-injured skin. Our results, based on using 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing, showed that the skin microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The comparisons of the skin microbiota between injured and non-injured samples showed differences in the alpha diversity (Fisher index) and beta diversity metrics (ANOSIM). At the genus level, both Pseudomonas and Candidatus Midichloria were highlighted as the most abundant taxa detected in samples obtained from fish affected with strawberry diseases. In contrast, the most abundant taxa in non-injured skin were Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Pseudoalteromonas. In conclusion, our study on SD revealed distinct differences in the microbiota composition between skin lesions and non-injured skin. This is the first description of microbiota associated with SD-injured skin samples using an RNA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Pardo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
- Cooperative Program for Aquaculture (Ph.D.), Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
| | - Alejandro Villasante
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830489, Chile; (A.P.); (A.V.)
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