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Moreno-Chamba B, Salazar-Bermeo J, Narváez-Asensio M, Navarro-Simarro P, Saura D, Neacsu M, Martí N, Valero M, Martínez-Madrid MC. Polyphenolic extracts from Diospyros kaki and Vitis vinifera by-products stimulate cytoprotective effects in bacteria-cell host interactions by mediation of transcription factor Nrf2. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 134:156020. [PMID: 39243749 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal and skin epithelium play a strong role against bacterial stimuli which leads to inflammation and oxidative stress when overwhelmed. Polyphenols from fruit-rich diets and by-products show promise against bacterial deleterious effects; however, their antibacterial and health-promoting effects remain understudied. PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the impact of polyphenolic extracts of grape (GrPE), persimmon (PePE) and pomegranate (PoPE) by-products on bacterial pathogen-host interactions, focusing beyond growth inhibition to explore their effects on bacterial adhesion, invasion, and modulation of host responses. METHODS The microdilution method, as well as the tetrazolium based MTT cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay with crystal violet staining were used to identify extracts sub-inhibitory concentrations that interfere with bacterial adhesion, invasion or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) effect on cell hosts without compromising host viability. The cytoprotective effects of extracts were assessed in a knock-down model of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). RESULTS All extracts demonstrated significant reductions in pathogen adhesion to Caco-2 and HaCaT cells while preserving cellular integrity. Notably, PePE exhibited specific efficacy against Salmonella enterica adhesion, attributed mostly to its gallic acid content, whereas PoPE reduced S. enterica invasion in Caco-2 cells. The extracts supported the prevalence of non-pathogenic and commensal strains of intestinal and skin surfaces, selectively reducing pathogenic adhesion. The extracts mitigated the oxidative stress, enhanced the barrier function, and modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-challenged cells. GrPE, rich in anthocyanins, and PePE were found to mediate their protective effects through Nrf2 activation, while PoPE exerted multifaceted actions independent of Nrf2. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of GrPE, PePE, and PoPE in shaping bacterial-host interactions, endorsing their utility as novel nutraceuticals for both oral and topical applications to prevent potential bacterial infections through innovative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Moreno-Chamba
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos-FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Salazar-Bermeo
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos-FoodUPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Narváez-Asensio
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Navarro-Simarro
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Domingo Saura
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Forestherhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nuria Martí
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Valero
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE). Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain.
| | - María Concepción Martínez-Madrid
- Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain
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López-Bermudo L, Moreno-Chamba B, Salazar-Bermeo J, Hayward NJ, Morris A, Duncan GJ, Russell WR, Cárdenas A, Ortega Á, Escudero-López B, Berná G, Martí Bruña N, Duncan SH, Neacsu M, Martin F. Persimmon Fiber-Rich Ingredients Promote Anti-Inflammatory Responses and the Growth of Beneficial Anti-Inflammatory Firmicutes Species from the Human Colon. Nutrients 2024; 16:2518. [PMID: 39125398 PMCID: PMC11314113 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Persimmon fruit processing-derived waste and by-products, such as peels and pomace, are important sources of dietary fiber and phytochemicals. Revalorizing these by-products could help promote circular nutrition and agricultural sustainability while tackling dietary deficiencies and chronic diseases. In this study, fiber-rich fractions were prepared from the by-products of Sharoni and Brilliant Red persimmon varieties. These fractions were quantified for their phenolic composition and assessed for their ability to promote the growth of beneficial human colonic Firmicutes species and for their in vitro anti-inflammatory potential. Gallic and protocatechuic acids, delphinidin, and cyanidin were the main phenolics identified. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains showed significantly higher growth rates in the presence of the Brilliant Red fraction, generating more than double butyrate as a proportion of the total short-chain fatty acids (39.5% vs. 17.8%) when compared to glucose. The fiber-rich fractions significantly decreased the inflammatory effect of interleukin-1β in Caco-2 cells, and the fermented fractions (both from Sharoni and Brilliant Red) significantly decreased the inflammatory effect of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, fiber-rich fractions from persimmon by-products could be part of nutritional therapies as they reduce systemic inflammation, promote the growth of beneficial human gut bacteria, and increase the production of beneficial microbial metabolites such as butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López-Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Pablo de Olavide University, University of Seville, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.L.-B.); (Á.O.); (B.E.-L.); (G.B.)
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan Moreno-Chamba
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Sanitary Biotechnology of Elche, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (B.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Engineering for Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Salazar-Bermeo
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Sanitary Biotechnology of Elche, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (B.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Engineering for Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas J. Hayward
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amanda Morris
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Gary J. Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Antonio Cárdenas
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Pablo de Olavide University, University of Seville, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.L.-B.); (Á.O.); (B.E.-L.); (G.B.)
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Ortega
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Pablo de Olavide University, University of Seville, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.L.-B.); (Á.O.); (B.E.-L.); (G.B.)
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Escudero-López
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Pablo de Olavide University, University of Seville, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.L.-B.); (Á.O.); (B.E.-L.); (G.B.)
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Genoveva Berná
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Pablo de Olavide University, University of Seville, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.L.-B.); (Á.O.); (B.E.-L.); (G.B.)
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Martí Bruña
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Sanitary Biotechnology of Elche, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain; (B.M.-C.)
| | - Sylvia H. Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Franz Martin
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Pablo de Olavide University, University of Seville, CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.L.-B.); (Á.O.); (B.E.-L.); (G.B.)
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Salazar-Bermeo J, Moreno-Chamba B, Heredia-Hortigüela R, Lizama V, Martínez-Madrid MC, Saura D, Valero M, Neacsu M, Martí N. Green Technologies for Persimmon By-Products Revalorisation as Sustainable Sources of Dietary Fibre and Antioxidants for Functional Beverages Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051085. [PMID: 37237951 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of green technologies such as ultrasound and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for revalorisation of food and agricultural by-products represents a sustainable way to tackle waste and promote a healthier environment while delivering much-needed functional food ingredients for an increasingly unhealthy population. The processing of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) generates large amounts of by-products rich in fibre-bound bioactive phytochemicals. This paper assessed the extractability of bioactive compounds through NADES and the functional properties of the persimmon polysaccharide-rich by-products to evaluate their suitability to be used as functional ingredients in commercial beverages. Although higher amounts of carotenoids and polyphenols were extracted after eutectic treatment vs. conventional extraction (p < 0.05), the fibre-bound bioactives remained abundant (p < 0.001) in the resulting persimmon pulp by-product (PPBP) and persimmon pulp dietary fibre (PPDF), showing also a strong antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ABTS•+ assays) and an improved digestibility and fibre fermentability. The main structural components of PPBP and PPDF are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. PPDF-added dairy-based drink showed more than 50% of preference over the control among panellists and similar acceptability scores to the commercial ones. Persimmon pulp by-products represent sustainable source of dietary fibre and bioactives and are suitable candidates to develop functional ingredients for food industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Salazar-Bermeo
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Fausto Elio s/n, Edificio 8E, Acceso F Planta 0, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bryan Moreno-Chamba
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Fausto Elio s/n, Edificio 8E, Acceso F Planta 0, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Heredia-Hortigüela
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Lizama
- Instituto de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Fausto Elio s/n, Edificio 8E, Acceso F Planta 0, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Concepción Martínez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Domingo Saura
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Valero
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nuria Martí
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
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Kilasoniya A, Garaeva L, Shtam T, Spitsyna A, Putevich E, Moreno-Chamba B, Salazar-Bermeo J, Komarova E, Malek A, Valero M, Saura D. Potential of Plant Exosome Vesicles from Grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi) and Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Juices as Functional Ingredients and Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040943. [PMID: 37107317 PMCID: PMC10135875 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have gained attention as promising bioactive nutraceutical molecules; their presence in common fruit juices has increased their significance because human interaction is inevitable. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of PEVs derived from grapefruit and tomato juices as functional ingredients, antioxidant compounds, and delivery vehicles. PEVs were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation and were found to be similar in size and morphology to mammalian exosomes. The yield of grapefruit exosome-like vesicles (GEVs) was higher than that of tomato exosome-like vesicles (TEVs), despite the latter having larger vesicle sizes. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of GEVs and TEVs was found to be low in comparison to their juice sources, indicating a limited contribution of PEVs to the juice. GEVs showed a higher efficiency in being loaded with the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) than TEVs, as well as a higher efficiency than TEV and PEV-free HSP70 in delivering HSP70 to glioma cells. Overall, our results revealed that GEVs present a higher potential as functional ingredients present in juice and that they exert the potential to deliver functional molecules to human cells. Although PEVs showed low antioxidant activity, their role in oxidative response in cells should be further addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kilasoniya
- Cátedra UCAM-DORSIA, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Campus de Los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luiza Garaeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Orlova Roscha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Tatiana Shtam
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Orlova Roscha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Spitsyna
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Orlova Roscha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Elena Putevich
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Orlova Roscha 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Bryan Moreno-Chamba
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Julio Salazar-Bermeo
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Komarova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Malek
- Subcellular Technology Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy and Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manuel Valero
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Domingo Saura
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
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Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments: Modern Assisted Extraction Methods and Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071256. [PMID: 35883747 PMCID: PMC9311774 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Moreno-Chamba B, Salazar-Bermeo J, Martínez-Madrid MC, Lizama V, Martín-Bermudo F, Berná G, Neacsu M, Saura D, Martí N, Valero M. Bound galloylated compounds in persimmon upcycled dietary fiber modulate microbial strains associated to human health after in vitro digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gea-Botella S, Moreno-Chamba B, de la Casa L, Salazar-Bermeo J, Martí N, Martínez-Madrid MC, Valero M, Saura D. Carotenoids from Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki Thunb.) Byproducts Exert Photoprotective, Antioxidative and Microbial Anti-Adhesive Effects on HaCaT. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1898. [PMID: 34834313 PMCID: PMC8618857 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruits are a remarkable source of carotenoids, which have shown protective effects against UV radiation in bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. The aim of this study was to analyze the photoprotection provided by an acetone extract, rich in carotenoids and obtained from byproducts derived from the persimmon juice industry, against UV-induced cell death in the keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. For this purpose, the cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of carotenoid extract, as well as its intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and anti-adhesive activities towards HaCaT cells, were evaluated. The in vitro permeation test provided information about the permeability of the carotenoid extract. Persimmon extracts, rich in carotenoids (PEC), were absorbed by HaCaT keratinocyte cells, which reduced the UV-induced intracellular ROS production in treated cells. Thus, PEC exerted a photoprotective and regenerative effect on UV-irradiated HaCaT cells, and this protection was UV dose-dependent. No cytotoxic effect was observed in HaCaT cultures at the concentration tested. PEC treatment also stimulated the adhesion capacity of skin microbiome to HaCaT cells, while exhibiting a significant anti-adhesive activity against all tested pathogens. In conclusion, PEC showed potential for use as a functional ingredient in skin-care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gea-Botella
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Bryan Moreno-Chamba
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Laura de la Casa
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Julio Salazar-Bermeo
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Nuria Martí
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Manuel Valero
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Domingo Saura
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.-B.); (B.M.-C.); (L.d.l.C.); (J.S.-B.); (N.M.); (D.S.)
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