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Jouira G, Rebai H, Alexe DI, Sahli S. Postural Balance in Boys With Intellectual Disabilities Who Participate in Soccer Training. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38242112 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the postural balance in children with intellectual disabilities who participate in soccer training compared with their sedentary peers. METHOD Two groups of boys with intellectual disabilities aged 8-10 years participated in this study: a soccer group (n = 12) and a sedentary group (n = 12). Postural balance was assessed using a force platform under 4 different conditions: open eyes, and closed eyes, on firm and foam surfaces. The Timed Up and Go Test, 10-m Walking Test, and Four-Square Step Test were also conducted. RESULTS The soccer group had significantly lower (P < .05) center of pressure values compared with the sedentary group, on both firm and foam surfaces, but only under the open eyes condition. They were significantly faster (P < .05) in the Timed Up and Go Test, 10-m Walking Test, and Four-Square Step Test compared with their sedentary peers. However, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups on the sit-to-stand and turn-to-sit phases of the Timed Up and Go Test. CONCLUSION Soccer participation may have a positive effect on postural balance in boys with intellectual disabilities. These findings may have implications for the development of exercise programs to improve postural balance and reduce the risk of falls in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Jouira
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax,Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization' (LR09SEP01), National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis,Tunisia
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, Bacău,Romania
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax,Tunisia
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Mahmoudi F, Rahnama N, Daneshjoo A, Behm DG. Comparison of dynamic and static balance among professional male soccer players by position. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:307-312. [PMID: 37949577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Balance is an important performance aspect of all athletes. The aim of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance in soccer players in different positions. METHODS Forty youth and young adult professional soccer players were divided into four groups according to their playing positions: goalkeepers (GK), defenders (DF), midfielders (MF) and forwards (FW) (10 per position). Static and dynamic balance assessed on the dominant and non-dominant legs were measured using a force platform for 30s (static one-leg stand), and "Y Balance Test" (dynamic balance). RESULTS GK exhibited greater ML static balance (less ML sway) compared with other players (p < 0.02-0.001). Moreover, results demonstrated better GK dynamic balance compared to DF and FW (p < 0.04-0.006). MF showed better dynamic balance than DF and FW (p < 0.019-0.007) and lower dynamic balance scores were found among DF and FW (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results affirm position-specific balance performance with greater static and dynamic balance of GK and dynamic balance with MF. It is suggested that evaluation of balance and postural control performance should be considered a relevant part of the position-specific functional evaluation of soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foad Mahmoudi
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nader Rahnama
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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The Influence of Gender and the Specificity of Sports Activities on the Performance of Body Balance for Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137672. [PMID: 35805329 PMCID: PMC9265780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sense of balance is required in sports activities, conditioning the quality of movements and physical performance. (1) The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of gender and the specificity of sports activities on body balance. The investigated participants are 157 students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports/Bachelor’s degree: 109 men (age = 20.49 ± 2.03, body mass index, BMI = 22.96 ± 3.20), and 48 women (age = 20.21 ± 1.51, BMI = 21.05 ± 2.78). (2) Design: Cross-sectional study, with the definition of the variables gender and sport activity with three stages (non-athletes/NA, team sports games/TSG, and individual sports/IS). The evaluation was based on four dynamic balance tests (Bass test/points, Functional reach test/cm, Fukuda test/degrees of rotation, and Walk and turn field sobriety test/errors) and three static balance tests (Flamingo test/falls, Stork test, and One-leg standing test with eyes closed/s). (3) Results: The variance analysis (multivariate and univariate tests) indicates the superiority of women in most tests applied, but with significantly better values (p < 0.05) only for the Flamingo test and Bass test. Men have superior results only for vestibular stability (Fukuda test) and One-leg standing test, but it is statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). The TSG group has slightly better values than the IS group for the whole set of tests conducted, but these are not statistically significant (p > 0.05), so we cannot highlight the certain superiority of TSG practitioners over those involved in IS. Both the TSG and the IS group outperformed all tests compared to the NA group, with significant differences (p < 0.05), especially for the TSG. Conclusion: Women have better values than men on most tests, and performance sports students have higher average scores than those in the NA group, which demonstrates the beneficial influence of specific training on static and dynamic postural stability.
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The Association of Gender and Body Mass Index on the Values of Static and Dynamic Balance of University Students (A Cross-Sectional Design Study). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The balance of the body conditions the quality and efficiency of the movements in daily and sports activities, its impairment generating problems in the manifestation of motor skills for all age groups. The aim of this study is to analyze how the gender and BMI values of university students influence the results of the static and dynamic balance tests applied. The investigated group consists of 195 undergraduate students, from various specializations of the Dunărea de Jos University in Galați (99 males and 96 females, ages = 20.16 ± 1.98, BMI = 24.15 ± 5.68). The independent variables gender and BMI levels (underweight, normal weight and overweight/obese) were defined. The participants were evaluated in May 2019 using a series of 7 tests: one leg standing test with eyes closed, stork test, flamingo test, Bass test, functional reach test, walk and turn field sobriety test and Fukuda test. The results provided using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) indicate balanced performance for the gender variable, but with significantly better values for women in the one leg standing test, flamingo test and functional reach test (F values are associated with thresholds p < 0.05). Men obtain slightly better, but statistically insignificant (p > 0.05), performances on the stork test, Bass test and Fukuda test. The BMI step comparison confirms the difficulties of the overweight group in assessing balance, with the lowest scores in maintaining static positions and the most errors in dynamic balance tests, with significant differences from normal and underweight in most tests (p < 0.05). An interesting aspect is the slightly superior performance of the underweight compared to the normal weight group, for the one leg standing test, flamingo test and walk and turn field sobriety test. The analysis of Spearman correlation coefficients indicates a number of significant associations between elevated BMI values and decreased performance on balance tests.
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Akbas K, Mummolo C. A Computational Framework Towards the Tele-Rehabilitation of Balance Control Skills. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:648485. [PMID: 34179106 PMCID: PMC8220374 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.648485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobility has been one of the most impacted aspects of human life due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Home confinement, the lack of access to physical rehabilitation, and prolonged immobilization of COVID-19-positive patients within hospitals are three major factors that affected the mobility of the general population world-wide. Balance is one key indicator to monitor the possible movement disorders that may arise both during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the coming future post-COVID-19. A systematic quantification of the balance performance in the general population is essential for preventing the appearance and progression of certain diseases (e.g., cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal), as well as for assessing the therapeutic outcomes of prescribed physical exercises for elderly and pathological patients. Current research on clinical exercises and associated outcome measures of balance is still far from reaching a consensus on a "golden standard" practice. Moreover, patients are often reluctant or unable to follow prescribed exercises, because of overcrowded facilities, lack of reliable and safe transportation, or stay-at-home orders due to the current pandemic. A novel balance assessment methodology, in combination with a home-care technology, can overcome these limitations. This paper presents a computational framework for the in-home quantitative assessment of balance control skills. Novel outcome measures of balance performance are implemented in the design of rehabilitation exercises with customized and quantifiable training goals. Using this framework in conjunction with a portable technology, physicians can treat and diagnose patients remotely, with reduced time and costs and a highly customized approach. The methodology proposed in this research can support the development of innovative technologies for smart and connected home-care solutions for physical therapy rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlotta Mummolo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
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Yigit O, Aksoy S, Akyol U, Tokatlı A, Sivri HS. Sensory, voluntary, and motor postural control in children and adolescents with mucopolysaccharidosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:583-589. [PMID: 33838084 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate automatic and voluntary motor control performances, which have an important function in maintaining balance, in children and adolescents with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). METHODS The records of 70 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The results of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) performed according to the age and development of the individuals were examined. The results of 10 children and adolescents with MPS (mean age: 9.43 ranging from 6 to 14; four males and six females) who completed the sensory analysis, Weight-Bearing Squat Test, and Adaptation Test were retrieved from the database of the CDP. Nine healthy children and adolescents with typical development (mean age: 9.63 ranging from 6 to 14; four males and five females) were included as the control group. RESULTS In the sensory analysis test, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the visual ratio parameter. In the adaptation test, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the toes up and toes down trials. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the Weight-Bearing Squat test at 0° knee extension and various knee flexions. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with MPS should be directed to the appropriate exercise and therapy programs to develop postural and balance control, which have a significant effect on their quality of life and the ability to independently perform daily activities of living. In addition to routine hearing assessments for patients with MPS, other objective tests used in the differential diagnosis of balance and vestibular system should also be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oznur Yigit
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Songul Aksoy
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Akyol
- Department of ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Tokatlı
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Serap Sivri
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Bukowska JM, Jekiełek M, Kruczkowski D, Ambroży T, Jaszczur-Nowicki J. Biomechanical Aspects of the Foot Arch, Body Balance and Body Weight Composition of Boys Training Football. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5017. [PMID: 34068483 PMCID: PMC8126029 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study is to assess the body balance and podological parameters and body composition of young footballers in the context of the control of football training. Methods: The study examined the distribution of the pressure of the part of the foot on the ground, the arch of the foot, and the analysis of the body composition of the boys. The pressure center for both feet and the whole body was also examined. The study involved 90 youth footballers from Olsztyn and Barczewo in three age groups: 8-10 years, 11-13 years old, and 14-16 years. The study used the Inbody 270 body composition analyzer and the EPSR1, a mat that measures the pressure distribution of the feet on the ground. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in almost every case for each area of the foot between the groups of the examined boys. The most significant differences were observed for the metatarsal area and the left heel. In the case of stabilization of the whole body, statistically significant differences were noted between all study groups. In the case of the body composition parameters, in the examined boys, a coherent direction of changes was noticed for most of them. The relationships and correlations between the examined parameters were also investigated. The significance level in the study was set at p < 0.05. Conclusions: Under the training rigor, a statistically significant increase in stability was observed with age. The total length of the longitudinal arch of both feet of the examined boys showed a tendency to flatten in direct proportion to the age of the examined boys. Mean values of the body composition parameters reflect changes with the ontogenetic development, basic somatic parameters (body height and weight) and training experience, and thus with the intensity and volume of training. This indicates a correct training process that does not interfere with the proper development of the body in terms of tissue and biochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Bukowska
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Jekiełek
- Department of Ergonomics and Physiological Effort, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 31-126 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Kruczkowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Elbląg University of the Humanities and Economics, 82-300 Elbląg, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Sinno S, Dumas G, Mallinson A, Najem F, Abouchacra KS, Nashner L, Perrin P. Changes in the Sensory Weighting Strategies in Balance Control Throughout Maturation in Children. J Am Acad Audiol 2020; 32:122-136. [PMID: 33296934 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central nervous system integrates information from different sensory inputs (vestibular, visual, and somatosensory) to maintain balance. However, strategies for weighing sensory information change as maturation occurs. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate postural control development in a large sample of healthy children aged 5 to 17 years old, (2) analyze changes in sensory weighting strategies as maturation occurs, and (3) determine the extent to which anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, body mass index [BMI]) influence postural control. SAMPLE SIZE This study recruited 120 healthy children, equally distributed in gender and number, into four age groups (5-8 years, 9-11 years, 12-14 years, and 15-17 years) and compared them to a control group of 20 healthy adults (aged 20-25 years). RESEARCH DESIGN The sensory organization test (SOT) was used to assess overall balance and the use of specific sensory inputs to maintain postural control. All children underwent the six SOT conditions: (1) eyes open, surround and platform stable, (2) eyes closed, surround and platform stable, (3) eyes open, sway-referenced surround, platform stable, (4) eyes open, sway-referenced platform, (5) eyes closed, sway-referenced platform, and (6) eyes open, sway-referenced surround and platform. DATA ANALYSIS Condition-specific equilibrium scores (ES), composite equilibrium scores (CES), and sensory analysis ratios were analyzed to determine whether the performance was related to age, gender, or specific anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, and BMI). RESULTS Data showed a significant age-associated improvement in ES for all 6 conditions (p < 0.05) and in CES (p = 0.001). For both genders, (1) somatosensory function was adult-like by age 5 to 8 years, (2) visual function peaked around age 12 years, and (3) vestibular function reached maturity by age 15 to 17 years (p < 0.05). A moderate positive correlation (r(140) = 0.684, p = 0.01; two-tailed) between height and CES was found and a weak positive correlation (r(140) = 0.198, p = 0.01) between height and somatosensory ratio was noted. Lower vestibular ratio scores were observed in children who had a higher BMI (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The efficient use of individual sensory system input to maintain balance does not occur at the same age. Age and gender affect the changes in sensory weighting strategies, while height and BMI influence postural control in children. These factors need to be accounted for in child assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solara Sinno
- EA 3450 DevAH, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Audiology & Balance Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Dumas
- EA 3450 DevAH, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Art Mallinson
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fadi Najem
- Medical Audiology Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Hearing and Speech, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Kim Smith Abouchacra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Audiology & Balance Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Medical Audiology Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Philippe Perrin
- EA 3450 DevAH, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Pediatric Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University Hospital of Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Güler Ö, Aras D, Akça F, Bianco A, Lavanco G, Paoli A, Şahin FN. Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fatigue Exercises on Postural Control and Recovery Time in Female Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176273. [PMID: 32872251 PMCID: PMC7503876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen female soccer players (age = 20.19 ± 1.52 years; body mass = 56.52 ± 4.95 kg; body height = 164.81 ± 4.21 cm) with no history of lower extremity injury participated in the study. The Biodex SD Balance system was used to determine the non-dominant single-leg stability. In anaerobic exercise, each subject performed four maximal cycling efforts against a resistance equivalent to 0.075 kg/body mass for 30 s with three-minute rest intervals. In aerobic exercise, subjects performed the Bruce protocol on a motorized treadmill. After each exercise, subjects subsequently performed a single-leg stability test and then repeated the same test for four times with five-minute passive rest periods. In accordance with the results, it was found that the impairment observed right after the aerobic loading was higher (p < 0.001) compared to the anaerobic one. However, the time-related deterioration in both aerobic and anaerobic loadings was similar. The B-pre value was lower than Bpost and B5 (p < 0.01) and B10 (p < 0.05) in both conditions. Subjects could reach the initial balance level at B15 after aerobic and anaerobic loadings. The lactate level did not reach resting value even after 20 min of both fatigue protocols. Although the fatigue after aerobic and aerobic exercise negatively affects a single-leg dynamic balance level, single leg balance ability returns to the baseline status after 10 min of passive recovery duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Güler
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
| | - Dicle Aras
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
| | - Fırat Akça
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-23896910
| | - Gioacchino Lavanco
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Fatma Neşe Şahin
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
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Abstract
Several parameters can influence our health capital today and can have a negative impact on our performance, whether physiological or mechanical. Indeed, our health and wellbeing are influenced by a range of social, cultural, economic, psychological, and environmental factors across our lives. These change as we progress through the key transition points in life—from infancy and childhood through our teenage years to adulthood, working life, retirement and the end of life. Sport can be a vector that links many of these factors. Whether it is high-performance sport or sedentary practice, sport is very important for the improvement of psychological wellbeing and physical health. Our overarching aim was to increase quality of life. Sedentary practice can increase mobility and reduce the risk of disease, so changing adults’ behavior through sedentary practice could reduce illness and decrease costs to society concerning health problems. Furthermore, a higher frequency of practice can lead to improvements in technique and optimized performance. Our objective is to summarize the latest research in sport science and to quantify the most important parameters influencing human performance related to the health sciences for all age groups, throughout their lives.
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