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Acuña K, Sapahia R, Jiménez IN, Antonietti M, Anzola I, Cruz M, García MT, Krishnan V, Leveille LA, Resch MD, Galor A, Habash R, DeBuc DC. Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry as a Useful Diagnostic Tool for Understanding the Visual System: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38202288 PMCID: PMC10779649 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the role of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in advancing our understanding of the visual system. Beginning with an introduction to fNIRS, we delve into its historical development, highlighting how this technology has evolved over time. The core of the review critically examines the advantages and disadvantages of fNIRS, offering a balanced view of its capabilities and limitations in research and clinical settings. We extend our discussion to the diverse applications of fNIRS beyond its traditional use, emphasizing its versatility across various fields. In the context of the visual system, this review provides an in-depth analysis of how fNIRS contributes to our understanding of eye function, including eye diseases. We discuss the intricacies of the visual cortex, how it responds to visual stimuli and the implications of these findings in both health and disease. A unique aspect of this review is the exploration of the intersection between fNIRS, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI). We discuss how these cutting-edge technologies are synergizing with fNIRS to open new frontiers in visual system research. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, envisioning the future of fNIRS in a rapidly evolving technological landscape and its potential to revolutionize our approach to studying and understanding the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Acuña
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Rishav Sapahia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Irene Newman Jiménez
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Arts & Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Michael Antonietti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ignacio Anzola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Marvin Cruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael T. García
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Varun Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Lynn A. Leveille
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Miklós D. Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anat Galor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ranya Habash
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.S.); (M.A.); (M.T.G.); (V.K.); (L.A.L.); (A.G.)
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