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Silva M, Ramos AC, Lidon FJ, Reboredo FH, Gonçalves EM. Pre- and Postharvest Strategies for Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom in a Circular Economy Approach. Foods 2024; 13:1464. [PMID: 38790763 PMCID: PMC11120248 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mushroom cultivation presents a viable solution for utilizing agro-industrial byproducts as substrates for growth. This process enables the transformation of low-economic-value waste into nutritional foods. Enhancing the yield and quality of preharvest edible mushrooms, along with effectively preserving postharvest mushrooms, stands as a significant challenge in advancing the industry. Implementing pre- and postharvest strategies for Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm (oyster mushroom) within a circular economy framework involves optimizing resource use, minimizing waste, and creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly production system. This review aimed to analyze the development and innovation of the different themes and trends by bibliometric analysis with a critical literature review. Furthermore, this review outlines the cultivation techniques for Pleurotus ostreatus, encompassing preharvest steps such as spawn production, substrate preparation, and the entire mushroom growth process, which includes substrate colonization, fruiting, harvesting, and, finally, the postharvest. While novel methodologies are being explored for maintaining quality and extending shelf-life, the evaluation of the environmental impact of the entire mushroom production to identify areas for improvement is needed. By integrating this knowledge, strategies can be developed for a more sustainable and circular approach to Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cultivation, promoting environmental stewardship and long-term viability in this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Silva
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inovação, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1600-560 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Ramos
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inovação, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.)
- GeoBioTec—Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando J. Lidon
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1600-560 Caparica, Portugal
- GeoBioTec—Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando H. Reboredo
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1600-560 Caparica, Portugal
- GeoBioTec—Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elsa M. Gonçalves
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Unidade de Tecnologia e Inovação, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.)
- GeoBioTec—Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Han J, Sun R, Huang C, Xie H, Gao X, Yao Q, Yang P, Li J, Gong Z. Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios on Yield, Nutritional Value, and Amino Acid Contents of Flammulina velutipes. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:598. [PMID: 38792619 PMCID: PMC11122278 DOI: 10.3390/life14050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the cultivation medium significantly influences the growth rate, vigor of mycelium, yield of fruiting bodies, and their nutritional composition. Recently, agricultural and forestry wastes have been increasingly used in cultivating Flammulina velutipes. However, systematic research on how these materials affect the nutritional and functional properties of the fruiting bodies is lacking. This study investigated the effects of different C/N ratios on F. velutipes cultivation. We evaluated the agronomic traits, nutritional composition, and flavor compounds of the fruiting bodies. Our findings reveal that an optimal C/N ratio of 27:1 in the composted substrates enhances the total yield of fruiting bodies, with 25.1% soybean straw as the primary raw material. This ratio also significantly increases the levels of crude protein, total amino acids, and essential amino acids in the fruiting bodies (p < 0.05). Fruiting bodies from the high-nitrogen (HN) treatment showed the highest content of umami amino acids and equivalent umami concentration value. Additionally, we employed an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approach to analyze the metabolite profiles of fruiting bodies cultivated in high-nitrogen (HN), medium-nitrogen (MN), and low-nitrogen (LN) substrates. We found that the carbon-nitrogen ratio can affect the flavor and quality of fruiting bodies by regulating amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism and other related pathways. Our results suggest that a C/N ratio of 27:1 offers numerous benefits for the cultivation of F. velutipes with comprehensive analyses and has promising application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruixiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Xia Gao
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extending Center, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Qiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (J.H.); (R.S.); (C.H.); (H.X.); (Q.Y.); (P.Y.); (J.L.)
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Khalil S, Panda P, Ghadamgahi F, Barreiro A, Rosberg AK, Karlsson M, Vetukuri RR. Microbial potential of spent mushroom compost and oyster substrate in horticulture: Diversity, function, and sustainable plant growth solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120654. [PMID: 38552523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Khalil
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, Box 103, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Preeti Panda
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Canterbury Agriculture & Science Centre, 74 Gerald St, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Farideh Ghadamgahi
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Breeding, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ana Barreiro
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Anna Karin Rosberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, Box 103, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, Box 103, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Breeding, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
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Nesse AS, Jasinska A, Stoknes K, Aanrud SG, Risinggård KO, Kallenborn R, Sogn TA, Ali AM. Low uptake of pharmaceuticals in edible mushrooms grown in polluted biogas digestate. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141169. [PMID: 38211789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The uptake dynamics of two sulfonamide antibiotics, two fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine during the cultivation of two species of edible mushrooms (Agaricus subrufescens and A. bisporus) was investigated. None of the antibiotics were accumulated by the mushrooms, while carbamazepine and its transformation product carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were taken up by A. bisporus fruiting body but only in small amounts (up to 0.76 and 1.85 μg kg-1 dry weight, respectively). The sulfonamides were quickly removed from the mushroom growth substrate, while the recalcitrant fluoroquinolones and carbamazepine were only partially removed. Dissipation half-lives were generally lower for A. subrufescens than A. bisporus, but A. subrufescens was also grown at a slightly higher culture temperature. A. subrufescens also showed a lower uptake of contaminants. Comparison of maximum dietary intake with other common exposure sources showed that these mushrooms can safely be eaten although produced on a polluted substrate, with respect to the investigated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Nesse
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 31, 1433, Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Oluf Thesens Vei 43, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - Agnieszka Jasinska
- Lindum AS, Lerpeveien 155, 3036, Drammen, Norway; Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Vegetable Crops, Ul. J.H. Dabrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Stine Göransson Aanrud
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 15, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristin Ogner Risinggård
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 15, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Chr. M. Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Aas, Norway
| | - Trine A Sogn
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Elizabeth Stephansensvei 31, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Aasim M Ali
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Chr. M. Falsens Vei 18, 1433, Aas, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
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Wei J, Wang YX, Guan TK, Wang QY, Zhang J, Zhang JY, Wang JL, Chen QJ, Zhang GQ. Bacterial communities during composting cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus floridanus using broken eggs as the nitrogen source and study of agronomic and nutritional properties. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1274032. [PMID: 38282740 PMCID: PMC10822690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Broken eggs are a byproduct of the poultry industry and a potential nitrogen source for mushroom cultivation. However, its feasibility needs to be evaluated experimentally. Methods In this study, a series of different addition amounts (0, 1.8, 3.6, 5.3 and 8.5%, w/w) of broken egg mixture (BEM) were applied in the composting cultivation process of oyster mushroom. The physicochemical properties and bacterial communities of composting substrate, and agronomic and nutritional properties of fruiting bodies were determined. Results and discussion The results showed that the BEM addition significantly (P < 0.05) increased the total nitrogen content in the composted substrate, and the contents of crude protein, total amino acids and essential amino acids of mushrooms. The P3 treatment (initial C/N of 26:1) showed the highest biological efficiency (BE) of 100.19% and a low contamination rate (CR) of 7.00%, while the higher dosage of BEM (P4 and P5) led to a sharp decrease in BE and a sharp increase in CR. High throughput sequencing revealed that the addition of BEM significantly (P < 0.05) changed the bacterial communities in the substrate at the beginning of composting. Streptococcus and Lactococcus were predominant bacterial genera in BEM treatments at the beginning stage of composting, while Acinetobacter became predominant at the ending stage. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the P3 treatment demonstrated a much more complex bacterial community. The structural equation model analysis indicated that the addition of BEM affected the bacterial communities and nitrogen metabolism during composting, which further affected agronomic and nutritional properties of oyster mushrooms. An appropriate amount of BEM combined with composting processes can significantly improve the yield and quality of oyster mushroom, providing a new way for efficient utilization of BEM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qing-Jun Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Castorina G, Cappa C, Negrini N, Criscuoli F, Casiraghi MC, Marti A, Rollini M, Consonni G, Erba D. Characterization and nutritional valorization of agricultural waste corncobs from Italian maize landraces through the growth of medicinal mushrooms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21148. [PMID: 38036649 PMCID: PMC10689450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The research investigates the potential use of maize cobs (or corncobs) from five genotypes, including the B73 inbred line and four locally cultivated landraces from Northern Italy, as substrate for implementing Solid State fermentation processes with four Medicinal Mushrooms (MMs). The corncobs were characterized based on their proximate composition, lignin, phenolics content (both free and bound), and total antioxidant capacity. Among the MMs tested, Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma annularis demonstrated the most robust performance. Their growth was parametrized using Image Analysis technique, and chemical composition of culture samples was characterized compared to that of corncobs alone. In all culture samples, the growth of MMs led to a significant reduction (averaging 40%) in the total phenolics contents compared to that measured in corncobs alone. However, the high content of free phenolics in the cobs negatively impacted the growth of P. ostreatus. The final MM-corncob matrix exhibited reduced levels of free sugars and starch (≤ 2.2% DW, as a sum) and increased levels of proteins (up to 5.9% DW) and soluble dietary fiber (up to 5.0% DW), with a notable trend toward higher levels of β-glucan compared to corncobs alone. This research paves the way for the use of this matrix as an active ingredient to enhance the nutritional value of food preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castorina
- DiSAA, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - C Cappa
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - N Negrini
- DiSAA, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - F Criscuoli
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Casiraghi
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Marti
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Rollini
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Consonni
- DiSAA, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - D Erba
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Paul C, Roy T, Singh K, Maitra M, Das N. Study of growth-improving and sporophore-inducing endobacteria isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:349. [PMID: 37857876 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Several Pleurotus species (oyster mushrooms) are commercially cultivated in India owing to the favorable tropical agro-climatic conditions. However, there are only a few studies on the microbiome of mushrooms, especially oyster mushrooms. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endobacteria on mycelial growth, spawning, sporophore development, and proximate composition of P. pulmonarius. We isolated several bacterial strains from the sporophores of P. pulmonarius and assessed the in vitro production of indole acetic acid, ammonia, and siderophores. The selected bacteria were individually supplemented with spawn, substrate, or both for sporophore production. Three of 130 isolates were selected as mycelial growth-promoting bacteria in both solid and submerged fermentation. These bacterial isolates were identified through Gram staining, biochemical characterization, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Isolate PP showed 99.24% similarity with Priestia paraflexa, whereas isolates PJ1 and PJ2 showed 99.78% and 99.65% similarities, respectively, with Rossellomorea marisflavi. The bacterial supplementation with spawn, substrate, or both, increased the biological efficiency (BE) and nutrient content of the mushrooms. The bacterial supplementation with substrate augmented BE by 64.84%, 13.73%, and 27.13% using PJ2, PP, and PJ1, respectively; under similar conditions of spawn supplementation, BE was increased by 15.24%, 47.30%, 48.10%, respectively. Overall, the supplementation of endobacteria to improve oyster mushroom cultivation may open a new avenue for sustainable agricultural practices in the mushroom industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Paul
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College, Park Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Tina Roy
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Kunal Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Madhumita Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier's College, Park Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Nirmalendu Das
- Department of Botany, Barasat Government College, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700124, India.
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Caetano ELA, Frattes CDC, Segato TCM, Leite FG, Pickler TB, de Oliveira Junior JM, Jozala AF, Grotto D. Protective effect of Agaricus bisporus mushroom against maternal and fetal damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1424-1437. [PMID: 37421350 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead (Pb) is a toxic pollutant, which can affect different tissues of the human body. The use of natural elements, as medicinal mushroom can reduce the toxic effects of Pb. OBJECTIVE We evaluated, through preclinical tests, the oral co exposures to mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Ab) by gavage and Pb in drinking water, and the capability of Ab be a protective agent for both pregnant rats and their fetuses. METHODS Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 5/group): Group I-Control; Group II-Ab 100 mg/kg; Group III-Pb 100 mg/L; Group IV-Ab +Pb -100 mg/kg +100 mg/L. Exposure was performed until the 19th day of gestation. On the 20th day, pregnant rats were euthanized, and the outcomes evaluated were weight gain; hematological profile; biochemical markers; oxidative stress markers; reproductive capacity; and embryo fetal development. RESULTS The characterization of mushrooms reveals them to be a valuable source of nutrients. However, Pb ingestion resulted in reduced weight gain and negative impacts on hematological and biochemical parameters. Fortunately, co administration of mushrooms helped to mitigate these negative effects and promote recovery. The mushroom also showed antioxidant activity, improving parameters of oxidative stress. In addition, Ab partially recovered the damage in fetal morphology and bone parameters. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that the co administration of Ab improved the toxicity caused by Pb, and the mushroom could be used as a natural alternative as a protective/chelator agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Gomes Leite
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Toxicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lu M, Wen T, Guo M, Li Q, Peng X, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhang C. Regulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Levels after the Development of Phallus rubrovolvatus Rot Disease Due to Trichoderma koningii Mycoparasitism. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050525. [PMID: 37233236 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phallus rubrovolvatus is a unique mushroom used for medicinal and dietary purposes in China. In recent years, however, the rot disease of P. rubrovolvatus has seriously affected its yield and quality, becoming an economically important threat. In this study, samples of symptomatic tissues were collected, isolated, and identified from five major P. rubrovolvatus production regions in Guizhou Province, China. Based on combined analyses of phylogenies (ITS and EF1-α), morphological characteristics and Koch's postulates, Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma koningii were identified as the pathogenic fungal species. Among these, T. koningii exhibited stronger pathogenicity than the other strains; thus, T. koningii was used as the test strain in the follow-up experiments. Upon co-culturing T. koningii with P. rubrovolvatus, the hyphae of the two species were intertwined, and the color of the P. rubrovolvatus hyphae changed from white to red. Moreover, T. koningii hyphae were wrapped around P. rubrovolvatus hyphae, leading to their shortening and convolution and ultimately inhibiting their growth due to wrinkling; T. koningii penetrated the entire basidiocarp tissue of P. rubrovolvatus, causing serious damage to the host basidiocarp cells. Further analyses revealed that T. koningii infection resulted in the swelling of basidiocarps and significantly enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes, such as malondialdehyde, manganese peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. These findings offer theoretical support for further research on the infection mechanisms of pathogenic fungi and the prevention of diseases caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tingchi Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Guizhou Jinchandashan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nayong 553300, China
| | - Qihua Li
- Guizhou Jinsun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhijin 552100, China
| | - Xingcan Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhenghua Lu
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Jinsun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhijin 552100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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10
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Yusran Y, Erniwati E, Khumaidi A, Pitopang R, Jati IRAP. Diversity of substrate type, ethnomycology, mineral composition, proximate, and phytochemical compounds of the Schizopyllum commune Fr. in the area along Palu-Koro Fault, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103593. [PMID: 36879672 PMCID: PMC9985035 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune Fr. is a wild macro fungus species, which is often used as a food source by the indigenous Kaili tribe along the Palu-Koro fault, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This fungus has a wide variety in terms of the weathered wood substrate as a place to grow and is found in almost all types of ecosystems. Although its diversity has been investigated, there is no identification of the weathered wood type as a substrate for growth. Some communities in Indonesia have not also known its potential and benefits. Therefore, this research aims to determine the wood type that grows S. commune fungus, ethnomycology, mineral composition, proximate, and phytochemical compounds. It was carried out using the descriptive explanatory approach and the fungi location as well as wood substrate sampling, was determined through the purposive sampling technique in forest areas, agroforestry, and community gardens along the Palu-Koro fault, Central Sulawesi. The samples of unknown wood types were through the collection of tree parts, namely twigs, leaves, flowers, and fruits, which were brought to Herbarium Celebense, Tadulako University for identification. Analysis of mineral content, proximate, and fungal phytochemical compounds was carried out based on the method according to the existing protocol. The results showed that 92 types of rotted wood found where the fungus S. commune grew, belonged to 36 families. The nutritional content is also good, although it varies based on the type of wood growing media. Therefore, it can be used and processed into various health-beneficial food products. This showed that domestication of the fungus needs to be carried out to support its commercialization as food and medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusran Yusran
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km.9, Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118, Indonesia
| | - Erniwati Erniwati
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km.9, Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Khumaidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km.9, Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118, Indonesia
| | - Ramadanil Pitopang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km.9, Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118, Indonesia
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11
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Mkhize SS, Simelane MBC, Mongalo NI, Pooe OJ. Bioprospecting the Biological Effects of Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms from Selected Agro-Wastes and Maize Flour Supplements. J Food Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2762972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Pleurotus mushrooms are valuable food supplements with health and environmental restorative potential. In this paper, we sought to evaluate the biological activities and profile the bioactive compounds found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated from agro-waste supplemented with maize flour. We investigated carbon to nitrogen (C/N), antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimalarial potential for the varying supplementation during mushroom cultivation. GCMS was utilized for screening bioactive compounds found in P. ostreatus. Changes in supplementation directly correlate with changes in compound profiling. Nonetheless, some compounds were found to be common amongst the tested mushrooms, including pentadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester; octadecanoic acid; and diisooctyl phthalate. The highest antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was observed when maize flour supplements were increased to 12% and 18%. Our data demonstrated that the observed antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power) and antimicrobial activity could emanate from various supplementation conditions. Furthermore, supplementation has an impact on the mushroom yield and phytochemical profiles of the produced mushroom.
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12
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Amara AA, El-Baky NA. Fungi as a Source of Edible Proteins and Animal Feed. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:73. [PMID: 36675894 PMCID: PMC9863462 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is expected that the world population will reach 9 billion by 2050. Thus, meat, dairy or plant-based protein sources will fail to meet global demand. New solutions must be offered to find innovative and alternative protein sources. As a natural gift, edible wild mushrooms growing in the wet and shadow places and can be picked by hand have been used as a food. From searching mushrooms in the forests and producing single cell proteins (SCP) in small scales to mega production, academia, United Nations Organizations, industries, political makers and others, play significant roles. Fermented traditional foods have also been reinvestigated. For example, kefir, miso, and tempeh, are an excellent source for fungal isolates for protein production. Fungi have unique criteria of consuming various inexpensive wastes as sources of carbon and energy for producing biomass, protein concentrate or amino acids with a minimal requirement of other environmental resources (e.g., light and water). Fungal fermented foods and SCP are consumed either intentionally or unintentionally in our daily meals and have many applications in food and feed industries. This review addresses fungi as an alternative source of edible proteins and animal feed, focusing mainly on SCP, edible mushrooms, fungal fermented foods, and the safety of their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro A. Amara
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Universities and Research Center District, New Borg El-Arab City P.O. Box 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Universities and Research Center District, New Borg El-Arab City P.O. Box 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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Tomikawa D, Okuda H. Analysis of the Bacterial Flora of Substrates Used for the Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus: Relationship between Clostridia and Yield. Microbes Environ 2023; 38:ME22041. [PMID: 37460325 PMCID: PMC10522844 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus has a high nutritional value and health benefits and its popularity is increasing among vegans and health-conscious consumers, indicating the need for its stable production. Therefore, we examined the bacterial flora of the substrates used to produce A. bisporus using a 16S rRNA gene ana-lysis and discussed the relationship between the bacterial flora and yield. The results obtained showed that A. bisporus yield slightly decreased with an increase in the abundance of Clostridia in substrates after primary fermentation. Lactobacillus showed little or no relationship with A. bisporus yield. Clostridia was identified as an indicator of A. bisporus yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishin Tomikawa
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 337–8570, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 337–8570, Japan
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14
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Mechanical, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Mycelium-Based Composites Produced from Various Lignocellulosic Residues and Fungal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111125. [PMID: 36354892 PMCID: PMC9697540 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycelium-based composites (MBCs) are characterized as biodegradable materials derived from fungal species. These composites can be employed across a range of industrial applications that involve the manufacturing of packaging materials as well as the manufacturing of buildings, furniture, and various other household items. However, different fungal species and substrates can directly affect the functional properties of MBCs, which ultimately vary their potential to be used in many applications. In this study, the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of MBCs made from four different fungal species (Ganoderma fornicatum, Ganoderma williamsianum, Lentinus sajor-caju, and Schizophyllum commune) combined with three different types of lignocellulosic residues (sawdust, corn husk, and rice straw) were investigated. The results indicate that differences in both the type of lignocellulosic residues and the fungal species could affect the properties of the obtained MBCs. It was found that the MBCs obtained from sawdust had the highest degree of density. Moreover, MBCs obtained from S. commune with all three types of lignocellulosic residues exhibited the highest shrinkage value. The greatest degree of water absorption was observed in the MBCs obtained from rice straw, followed by those obtained from corn husk and sawdust. Additionally, the thermal degradation ability of the MBCs was observed to be within a range of 200 to 325 °C, which was in accordance with the thermal degradation ability of each type of lignocellulosic residue. The greatest degrees of compressive, flexural, impact, and tensile strength were observed in the MBCs of G. williamsianum and L. sajor-caju. The results indicate that the MBCs made from corn husk, combined with each fungal species, exhibited the highest values of flexural, impact, and tensile strength. Subsequently, an analysis of the chemical properties indicated that the pH value, nitrogen content, and organic matter content of the obtained MBCs were within the following ranges: 4.67−6.12, 1.05−1.37%, and 70.40−86.28%, respectively. The highest degree of electrical conductivity was observed in MBCs obtained from rice straw. Most of the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained MBCs were similar to those of polyimide and polystyrene foam. Therefore, these composites could be used to further develop relevant strategies that may allow manufacturers to effectively replace polyimide and polystyrene foams in the future.
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15
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Iossi MR, Palú IA, Soares DM, Vieira WG, Alves LS, Stevani CV, Caitano CEC, Atum SVF, Freire RS, Dias ES, Zied DC. Metaprofiling of the Bacterial Community in Colonized Compost Extracts by Agaricus subrufescens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8100995. [PMID: 36294560 PMCID: PMC9605601 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that bacteria and fungi play important roles in the relationships between mycelium growth and the formation of fruiting bodies. The sun mushroom, Agaricus subrufescens, was discovered in Brazil ca. 1960 and it has become known worldwide due to its medicinal and nutritional properties. This work evaluated the bacterial community present in mushroom-colonized compost extract (MCCE) prepared from cultivation of A. subrufescens, its dynamics with two different soaking times and the influence of the application of those extracts on the casing layer of a new compost block for A. subrufescens cultivation. MCCEs were prepared through initial submersion of the colonized compost for 1 h or 24 h in water followed by application on casing under semi-controlled conditions. Full-length 16S rRNA genes of 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE were amplified and sequenced using nanopore technology. Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Planctomycetes, were found to be the most abundant phyla in both the 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE. A total of 275 different bacterial species were classified from 1 h soaked MCCE samples and 166 species from 24 h soaked MCCE, indicating a decrease in the bacterial diversity with longer soaking time during the preparation of MCCE. The application of 24 h soaked MCCE provided increases of 25% in biological efficiency, 16% in precociousness, 53% in the number of mushrooms and 40% in mushroom weight compared to control. Further investigation is required to determine strategies to enhance the yield and quality of the agronomic traits in commercial mushroom cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Rodrigo Iossi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Arruda Palú
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Douglas Moraes Soares
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Wagner G. Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Cassius V. Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Cinthia E. C. Caitano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Samir V. F. Atum
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Renato S. Freire
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Eustáquio S. Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Cunha Zied
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Odor Profile of Four Cultivated and Freeze-Dried Edible Mushrooms by Using Sensory Panel, Electronic Nose and GC-MS. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090953. [PMID: 36135678 PMCID: PMC9504341 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated mushrooms are well-known nutrient inputs for an equilibrated diet. Some species are broadly appreciated due to their medicinal properties. Lately, a number of novel foods and nutraceuticals based on dehydrated and freeze-dried powder obtained from cultivated mushrooms has been reaching the market. The food industry requires fast and reliable tools to prevent fraud. In this, work we have cultivated Agaricus bisporus sp. bisporus (AB) (white button mushroom), Agaricus bisporus sp. brunnescens (ABP) (portobello), Lentinula edodes (LE) (shiitake) and Grifola frondosa (GF) (maitake) using tailor-made substrates for the different species and standardized cropping conditions, which were individually freeze-dried to obtain the samples under evaluation. The aim of this article was to validate the use of two different methodologies, namely, electronic nose and sensory panel, to discriminate the olfactory profile of nutritional products based on freeze-dried mushrooms from the different cultivated species. Additionally, GC-MS was used to detect and quantify the most abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the samples. The multivariate analysis performed proved the utility of electronic nose as an analytical tool, which was similar to the classical sensory panel but faster in distinguishing among the different species, with one limitation it being unable to differentiate between the same species. GC-MS analysis showed the chemical volatile formulation of the samples, also showing significant differences between different samples but high similarities between varieties of the same cultivated species. The techniques employed can be used to prevent fraud and have the potential to evaluate further medicinal mushroom species and build solid and trustful connections between these novel food products and potential consumers.
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17
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Kaur M, Sharma S, Sodhi H. White rot fungus Calocybe indica: Incredulous factory of lignocellulolytic enzymes and their potential applicability for mushroom cultivation. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2022.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cultivation of specialty mushrooms on lignocellulosic wastes represents one of the most economical organic recycling processes. Compared with other cultivated mushrooms, very little is known about the nature of the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by the edible fungus Calocybe indica, its enzymatic activity profiles during submerged and solid state fermentation. The intracellular activity of laccase (7.67 U mg−1), manganese peroxidase (7.48 U mg−1), cellobiohydrolase (5.46 U mg−1), and endoxylanase (4.21 U mg−1) was best obtained in C. indica on 14th and 21st day of incubation. The extracellular activity of laccase (11.57 U mL−1), lignin peroxidase (8.45 U mL−1), and endoxylanases (6.22 U mL−1) were found to be highest on the 14th day. Ligninolytic enzyme activity was substantial during substrate colonisation but quickly dropped during fruiting body development. C. indica, on the other hand, showed relatively modest hydrolase activity during substrate colonisation. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes increased dramatically when primordia formed and peaked at the mature fruiting body stage. The yield of the crude enzyme-treated wheat straw utilised for mushroom production was 52.47%. These findings showed that the activities of lignocellulolytic enzymes were regulated in line with developmental phase of growth of C. indica.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - S. Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - H.S. Sodhi
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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18
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Aiduang W, Chanthaluck A, Kumla J, Jatuwong K, Srinuanpan S, Waroonkun T, Oranratmanee R, Lumyong S, Suwannarach N. Amazing Fungi for Eco-Friendly Composite Materials: A Comprehensive Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080842. [PMID: 36012830 PMCID: PMC9460913 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The continually expanding use of plastic throughout our world, along with the considerable increase in agricultural productivity, has resulted in a worrying increase in global waste and related environmental problems. The reuse and replacement of plastic with biomaterials, as well as the recycling of agricultural waste, are key components of a strategy to reduce plastic waste. Agricultural waste is characterized as lignocellulosic materials that mainly consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Saprobe fungi are able to convert agricultural waste into nutrients for their own growth and to facilitate the creation of mycelium-based composites (MBC) through bio-fabrication processes. Remarkably, different fungal species, substrates, and pressing and drying methods have resulted in varying chemical, mechanical, physical, and biological properties of the resulting composites that ultimately vary the functional aspects of the finished MBC. Over the last two decades, several innovative designs have produced a variety of MBC that can be applied across a range of industrial uses including in packaging and in the manufacturing of household items, furniture, and building materials that can replace foams, plastics, and wood products. Materials developed from MBC can be considered highly functional materials that offer renewable and biodegradable benefits as promising alternatives. Therefore, a better understanding of the beneficial properties of MBC is crucial for their potential applications in a variety of fields. Here, we have conducted a brief review of the current findings of relevant studies through an overview of recently published literature on MBC production and the physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of these composites for use in innovative architecture, construction, and product designs. The advantages and disadvantages of various applications of mycelium-based materials (MBM) in various fields have been summarized. Finally, patent trends involving the use of MBM as a new and sustainable biomaterial have also been reviewed. The resulting knowledge can be used by researchers to develop and apply MBC in the form of eco-friendly materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Athip Chanthaluck
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kritsana Jatuwong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tanut Waroonkun
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Oranratmanee
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (N.S.); Tel.: +66-865-127-518 (N.S.)
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (N.S.); Tel.: +66-865-127-518 (N.S.)
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19
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Almeida D, Cardoso RVC, Pereira C, Alves MJ, Ferreira ICFR, Zied DC, Junior WGV, Caitano CEC, Fernandes Â, Barros L. Biochemical Approaches on Commercial Strains of Agaricus subrufescens Growing under Two Environmental Cultivation Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060616. [PMID: 35736099 PMCID: PMC9224743 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of the cultivation process, in the field and under a controlled environment, on biochemical parameters by using commercial strains of A. subrufescens were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that the strains cultivated in the field presented higher levels for most of the parameters evaluated (organic acids (20.5–48.0 g/100 g dw), tocopherols (107.0–198.6 µg/100 g dw), and phenolic acids and related compounds (245.2–359.0 µg/100 g dw and 10.6–23.7 µg/100 g dw, respectively)), except for the carbohydrates (53.4–72.6 g/100 g dw), energetic value (373–380 Kcal/100 g dw), and total free sugars (28.8–43.1 g/100 g dw), parameters in which the strains grown in a controlled environment present better results. For both cultivation systems, similar results were obtained regarding saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These data contribute to the knowledge and highlight the characterized strains and the cultivation process, which can be used to obtain ingredients with potential applicability as a source of functional compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Almeida
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Rossana V. C. Cardoso
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Maria José Alves
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- AquaValor—Centro de Valorização e Transferência de Tecnologia da Água—Associação, Rua Dr. Júlio Martins N° 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Diego Cunha Zied
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Campus Dracena, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil;
| | - Wagner G. Vieira Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil; (W.G.V.J.); (C.E.C.C.)
| | - Cinthia E. C. Caitano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil; (W.G.V.J.); (C.E.C.C.)
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (Â.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (D.A.); (R.V.C.C.); (C.P.); (M.J.A.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (Â.F.); (L.B.)
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