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Guz W, Podgórski R, Bober Z, Aebisher D, Truszkiewicz A, Olek M, Machorowska Pieniążek A, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. In Vitro MRS of Cells Treated with Trastuzumab at 1.5 Tesla. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1719. [PMID: 38338997 PMCID: PMC10855746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Trastuzumab on the MCF-7 and CRL-2314 breast cancer cell lines. Additionally, an attempt was made to optimize magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for cell culture studies, with particular emphasis on the impact of treatment with Trastuzumab. The research materials included MCF-7 and CRL-2314 breast cancer cell lines. The study examined the response of these cell lines to treatment with Trastuzumab. The clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, OPTIMA MR360 manufactured by GEMS, with a magnetic field induction of 1.5 T, was used. Due to the nature of the tested objects, their size and shape, it was necessary to design and manufacture additional receiving coils. They were used to image the tested cell cultures and record the spectroscopic signal. The spectra obtained by MRS were confirmed by NMR using a 300 MHz NMR Fourier 300 with the TopSpin 3.1 system from Bruker. The designed receiving coils allowed for conducting experiments with the cell lines in a satisfactory manner. These tests would not be possible using factory-delivered coils due to their parameters and the size of the test objects, whose volume did not exceed 1 mL. MRS studies revealed an increase in the metabolite at 1.9 ppm, which indicates the induction of histone acetylation. Changes in histone acetylation play a very important role in both cell development and differentiation processes. The use of Trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer cells increases the levels of acetylated histones. MRS studies and spectra obtained from the 300 MHz NMR system are consistent with the specificity inherent in both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Guz
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Rafal Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (R.P.); (D.B.-A.)
| | - Zuzanna Bober
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Z.B.); (A.T.)
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Z.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Adrian Truszkiewicz
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (Z.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Marcin Olek
- Department of Densitry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.M.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Machorowska Pieniążek
- Department of Densitry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.M.P.)
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (R.P.); (D.B.-A.)
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Carneiro TJ, Carvalho ALMB, Vojtek M, Carmo IF, Marques MPM, Diniz C, Gil AM. Disclosing a metabolic signature of cisplatin resistance in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells by NMR metabolomics. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:310. [PMID: 38057765 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work compared the metabolic profile of a parental MDA-MB-231 cisplatin-sensitive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line with that of a derived cisplatin-resistant line, to characterize inherent metabolic adaptations to resistance, as a means for marker and new TNBC therapies discovery. Supported by cytotoxic, microscopic and biochemical characterization of both lines, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics was employed to characterize cell polar extracts for the two cell lines, as a function of time (0, 24 and 48 h), and identify statistically relevant differences both between sensitive and resistant cells and their time course behavior. Biochemical results revealed a slight increase in activation of the NF-κB pathway and a marked decrease of the ERK signaling pathway in resistant cells. This was accompanied by lower glycolytic and glutaminolytic activities, possibly linked to glutamine being required to increase stemness capacity and, hence, higher survival to cisplatin. The TCA cycle dynamics seemed to be time-dependent, with an apparent activation at 48 h preferentially supported by anaplerotic aromatic amino acids, leucine and lysine. A distinct behavior of leucine, compared to the other branched-chain-amino-acids, suggested the importance of the recognized relationship between leucine and in mTOR-mediated autophagy to increase resistance. Suggested markers of MDA-MB-231 TNBC cisplatin-resistance included higher phosphocreatine/creatine ratios, hypotaurine/taurine-mediated antioxidant protective mechanisms, a generalized marked depletion in nucleotides/nucleosides, and a distinctive pattern of choline compounds. Although the putative hypotheses generated here require biological demonstration, they pave the way to the use of metabolites as markers of cisplatin-resistance in TNBC and as guidance to develop therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana J Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO -Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-755, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L M Batista Carvalho
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Martin Vojtek
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-755, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês F Carmo
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO -Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula M Marques
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-755, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Gil
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO -Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Mu H, Sun Y, Yuan B, Wang Y. Betulinic acid in the treatment of breast cancer: Application and mechanism progress. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105617. [PMID: 37479118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene compound, which can be obtained by separation, chemical synthesis and biotransformation. BA has excellent biological activities, especially its role in the treatment of breast cancer deserves attention. Its mechanisms mainly include inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, regulating specific protein (Sp) transcription factors, inhibiting breast cancer metastasis, inhibiting glucose metabolism and NF-κB pathway. In addition, BA can also increase the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to other chemotherapy drugs such as paclitaxel and reduce its toxic side effects. This article reviews the application and possible mechanism of BA in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Mu
- Department of Drug Clinical Trials, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China.
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Araújo R, Fabris V, Lamb CA, Elía A, Lanari C, Helguero LA, Gil AM. Tumor Lipid Signatures Are Descriptive of Acquisition of Therapy Resistance in an Endocrine-Related Breast Cancer Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37497607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The lipid metabolism adaptations of estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer tumors from a mouse syngeneic model are investigated in relation to differences across the transition from hormone-dependent (HD) to hormone-independent (HI) tumor growth and the acquisition of endocrine therapy (ET) resistance (HIR tumors). Results are articulated with reported polar metabolome results to complete a metabolic picture of the above transitions and suggest markers of tumor progression and aggressiveness. Untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics was used to analyze tumor and mammary tissue lipid extracts. Tumor progression (HD-HI-HIR) was accompanied by increased nonesterified cholesterol forms and phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelins, and plasmalogens) and decreased relative contents of triglycerides and fatty acids. Predominating fatty acids became shorter and more saturated on average. These results were consistent with gradually more activated cholesterol synthesis, β-oxidation, and phospholipid biosynthesis to sustain tumor growth, as well as an increase in cholesterol (possibly oxysterol) forms. Particular compound levels and ratios were identified as potential endocrine tumor HD-HI-HIR progression markers, supporting new hypotheses to explain acquired ET resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Araújo
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victoria Fabris
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Elía
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- IByME - Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa A Helguero
- iBIMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Aveiro, Agra do Crasto, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Zhang L, She R, Zhu J, Lu J, Gao Y, Song W, Cai S, Wang L. Novel lipometabolism biomarker for chemotherapy and immunotherapy response in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1030. [PMID: 36182903 PMCID: PMC9526348 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging proof shows that abnormal lipometabolism affects invasion, metastasis, stemness and tumor microenvironment in carcinoma cells. However, molecular markers related to lipometabolism have not been further established in breast cancer. In addition, numerous studies have been conducted to screen for prognostic features of breast cancer only with RNA sequencing profiles. Currently, there is no comprehensive analysis of multiomics data to extract better biomarkers. Therefore, we have downloaded the transcriptome, single nucleotide mutation and copy number variation dataset for breast cancer from the TCGA database, and constructed a riskScore of twelve genes by LASSO regression analysis. Patients with breast cancer were categorized into high and low risk groups based on the median riskScore. The high-risk group had a worse prognosis than the low-risk group. Next, we have observed the mutated frequencies and the copy number variation frequencies of twelve lipid metabolism related genes LMRGs and analyzed the association of copy number variation and riskScore with OS. Meanwhile, the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms assessed tumor immune fraction and degree of immune cell infiltration. In immunotherapy, it is found that high-risk patients have better efficacy in TCIA analysis and the TIDE algorithm. Furthermore, the effectiveness of six common chemotherapy drugs was estimated. At last, high-risk patients were estimated to be sensitive to six chemotherapeutic agents and six small molecule drug candidates. Together, LMRGs could be utilized as a de novo tumor biomarker to anticipate better the prognosis of breast cancer patients and the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Department of Oncology Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233080, Anhui Province, China
| | - Risheng She
- Department of Emergency, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Jianlin Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine and Intelligent Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233080, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenhua Song
- Department of Oncology Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233080, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Songwang Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Dadhich R, Kapoor S. Lipidomic and Membrane Mechanical Signatures in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Scope for Membrane-Based Theranostics. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2507-2528. [PMID: 35595957 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive form of breast cancer associated with poor prognosis, higher grade, and a high rate of metastatic occurrence. Limited therapeutic interventions and the compounding issue of drug resistance in triple-negative breast cancer warrants the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic modules. To this view, in addition to proteins, lipids also regulate cellular functions via the formation of membranes that modulate membrane protein function, diffusion, and their localization; thus, orchestrating signaling hot spots enriched in specific lipids/proteins on cell membranes. Lipid deregulation in cancer leads to reprogramming of the membrane dynamics and functions impacting cell proliferation, metabolism, and metastasis, providing exciting starting points for developing lipid-based approaches for treating TNBC. In this review, we provide a detailed account of specific lipidic changes in breast cancer, link the altered lipidome with membrane structure and mechanical properties, and describe how these are linked to subsequent downstream functions implicit in cancer progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. At the fundamental level, we discuss how the lipid-centric findings in TNBC are providing cues for developing lipid-inspired theranostic strategies while bridging existing gaps in our understanding of the functional involvement of lipid membranes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India. .,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Chen X, Kuang S, He Y, Li H, Yi C, Li Y, Wang C, Chen G, Chen S, Yu D. The Differential Metabolic Response of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells and Normal Oral Epithelial Cells to Cisplatin Exposure. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050389. [PMID: 35629893 PMCID: PMC9147301 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of a tumor. It not only promotes the development and progression of tumor but also contributes to the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics. The difference in the metabolism between drug-resistant and sensitive tumor cells indicates that drug-resistant tumor cells have experienced metabolic adaptation. The metabolic response induced by chemotherapy is dynamic, but the early metabolic response of tumor cells to anticancer drugs and the effect of an initial response on the development of drug resistance have not been well studied. Early metabolic intervention may prevent or slow down the development of drug resistance. The differential metabolic responses of normal cells and tumor cells to drugs are unclear. The specific metabolites or metabolic pathways of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs can be used as the target of metabolic intervention in tumor therapy. In this study, we used comparative metabolomics to analyze the differential metabolic responses of oral cancer cells and normal oral epithelial cells to short-term cisplatin exposure, and to identify the marker metabolites of early response in oral cancer cells. Oral cancer cells showed a dynamic metabolic response to cisplatin. Seven and five metabolites were identified as specific response markers to cisplatin exposure in oral cancer cell SCC-9 and normal oral epithelial cell HOEC, respectively. Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and fructose, malate, serine, alanine, sorbose and glutamate were considered as specific enriched metabolic pathways and biomarkers of SCC-9 cells in response to cisplatin, respectively. The existence of differential metabolic responses lays a foundation for tumor chemotherapy combined with metabolic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Sufang Kuang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Yi He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Hongyu Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Chen Yi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Yiming Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Guanhui Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-3933-2990 (S.C.); +86-20-8386-2543 (D.Y.)
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-3933-2990 (S.C.); +86-20-8386-2543 (D.Y.)
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Impact of the Pd 2Spm (Spermine) Complex on the Metabolism of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Tumors of a Xenograft Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910775. [PMID: 34639114 PMCID: PMC8509401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in palladium(II) compounds as potential new anticancer drugs has increased in recent years, due to their high toxicity and acquired resistance to platinum(II)-derived agents, namely cisplatin. In fact, palladium complexes with biogenic polyamines (e.g., spermine, Pd2Spm) have been known to display favorable antineoplastic properties against distinct human breast cancer cell lines. This study describes the in vivo response of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumors to the Pd2Spm complex or to cisplatin (reference drug), compared to tumors in vehicle-treated mice. Both polar and lipophilic extracts of tumors, excised from a MDA-MB-231 cell-derived xenograft mouse model, were characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. Interestingly, the results show that polar and lipophilic metabolomes clearly exhibit distinct responses for each drug, with polar metabolites showing a stronger impact of the Pd(II)-complex compared to cisplatin, whereas neither drug was observed to significantly affect tumor lipophilic metabolism. Compared to cisplatin, exposure to Pd2Spm triggered a higher number of, and more marked, variations in some amino acids, nucleotides and derivatives, membrane precursors (choline and phosphoethanolamine), dimethylamine, fumarate and guanidine acetate, a signature that may be relatable to the cytotoxicity and/or mechanism of action of the palladium complex. Putative explanatory biochemical hypotheses are advanced on the role of the new Pd2Spm complex in TNBC metabolism.
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