Synthesis, Structural Investigations, Molecular Docking, and Anticancer Activity of Some Novel Schiff Bases and Their Uranyl Complexes

Targeting Lung Cancer With Carvacrol-Triazole-Arylidene Hydrazide Hybrids: In Vitro and In Silico Cytotoxicity Assessments

In this study, a series of 16 arylidene hydrazide derivatives (7a-7p), hybridized with the natural product carvacrol, were successfully synthesized starting from anthranilic acid methyl ester. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds were examined against two different cell lines, A549 and BEAS-2B. Additionally, in silico studies were conducted to investigate the ligand-protein binding modes and their stabilities. Lastly, the predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were also explored. The compounds' structures were confirmed through meticulous NMR and MS spectral analyses. Biological assays indicated notable cytotoxic effects against human lung cancer (A549) and non-tumorigenic lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines, with compounds 7j, 7k, and 7l demonstrating high selectivity indices (SIs) and low IC50 values against A549 cells, signifying potent selective anticancer activity. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified key binding interactions of these compounds with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and BRAF proteins, emphasizing the importance of residues such as Lys-745 and Phe-856 in EGFR and Lys-483 in BRAF. Stability of these complexes was confirmed through 100 ns MD simulations. ADME analysis revealed favorable pharmacokinetic properties for the prominent compounds, particularly 7k. These results suggest that arylidene hydrazide derivatives, especially 7k, are promising selective anticancer agents with potential for further development.

Synthesis and characterization of novel uranyl clusters supported by bis(pyrazolyl) methane ligands: biomimetic catalytic oxidation, BSA protein interaction and cytotoxicity studies

Two novel uranyl complexes were synthesized using bis-pyrazolyl methane ligands. The complexes were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, fluorescence, electrochemical, and thermogravimetric analysis. The solid-state structure of the complex C1 was determined with the help of single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The complexes C1 and C2 efficiently catalyse the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butyl catechol and 2-aminophenol in the atmospheric air, imitating the catalytic activity of the catechol oxidase and phenoxazinone synthase enzymes. The kinetic parameters and the catalytic efficiency (K cat/K M) of the reactions were calculated. Formation of organic free radicals in the catalytic reactions was confirmed by EPR spectroscopy. The interaction of these complexes with the protein, bovine serum albumin, was investigated by using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral analysis. The cytotoxicity of the complexes against MDAMB-231 and A549 cell lines was investigated, and IC50 values were determined.

Novel candidates synthesis of indenopyrazole, indenoazine and indenothiophene, with anticancer and in silico studies

Aim: The indandione nucleus, is one of the most amazing nuclei in medicinal chemistry, is used to design new derivatives.Methods & materials: Novel indandione derivatives are prepared with different electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents to yield 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23. Compounds 8, 11, 16, 20 and 23 are investigated against OVCAR-3 and HeLa, using LLC-MK2 and cis-Pt as references. in silico and spectral studies were analyzed for the selected compounds.Results: Compounds 20 and 23 at 100 ns were the most potent compounds, so molecular dynamics studies were performed.Conclusion: Compound 23 was the most active toward the HeLa cervical cell line, and compound 20 was the most active toward the Ovcar-3 cell line.

An Insight into the Effect of Schiff Base and their d and f Block Metal Complexes on Various Cancer Cell Lines as Anticancer Agents: A Review

Over the last few decades, an alarming rise in the percentage of individuals with cancer and those with multi-resistant illnesses has forced researchers to explore possibilities for novel therapeutic approaches. Numerous medications currently exist to treat various disorders, and the development of small molecules as anticancer agents has considerable potential. However, the widespread prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs in cancer indicates that it is necessary to discover novel and promising compounds with ideal characteristics that could overcome the multidrug resistance issue. The utilisation of metallo-drugs has served as a productive anticancer chemotherapeutic method, and this approach may be implemented for combating multi-resistant tumours more successfully. Schiff bases have been receiving a lot of attention as a group of compounds due to their adaptable metal chelating abilities, innate biologic properties, and versatility to tweak the structure to optimise it for a specific biological purpose. The biological relevance of Schiff base and related complexes, notably their anticancer effects, has increased in their popularity as bio-inorganic chemistry has progressed. As a result of learning about Schiff bases antitumor efficacy against multiple cancer cell lines and their complexes, researchers are motivated to develop novel, side-effect-free anticancer treatments. According to study reports from the past ten years, we are still seeking a powerful anticancer contender. This study highlights the potential of Schiff bases, a broad class of chemical molecules, as potent anticancer agents. In combination with other anticancer strategies, they enhance the efficacy of treatment by elevating the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, surmounting drug resistance, and promoting targeted therapy. Schiff bases also cause cancer cell DNA repair, improve immunotherapy, prevent angiogenesis, cause apoptosis, and lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. The present review explores the development of potential Schiff base and their d and f block metal complexes as anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines.

Bio-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for cost-effective adsorption of U(vi): experimental and theoretical investigation

U(vi) removal using cost-effective (production cost: $14.03 per kg), biocompatible, and superparamagnetic Cinnamomum tamala (CT) leaf extract-coated magnetite nanoparticles (CT@MNPs or CT@Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles) from water resources was studied. From pH-dependent experiments, the maximum adsorption efficiency was found to be at pH 8. Isotherm and kinetic studies were performed and found to follow Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of CT@MNPs was calculated to be 45.5 mg of U(vi) per g of nanoparticles (NPs). Recyclability studies suggest that over 94% sorption was retained even after four consecutive cycles. The sorption mechanism was explained by the point of the zero-charge experiment and the XPS measurement. Additionally, calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were carried out to support the experimental findings.

Abdellattif. Indenyl-thiazole and indenyl-formazan derivatives: Synthesis, anticancer screening studies, molecular-docking, and pharmacokinetic/ molin-spiration properties

Two new series of thiazole and formazan linked to 5-Bromo-indan were synthesized, and their structures were assured based on all possible analytical techniques. The size of the tested derivatives was calculated from the XRD technique and found five derivatives 3, 10a, 14a, 15, and 16 on the nanosized scale. The two series were tested for their efficacy and toxicity as anti-colon and stomach cancers. Derivative 10d showed activity more than the two reference drugs used in the case of SNU-16. Surpislly, in the case of COLO205, five derivatives 4, 6c, 6d, 6e, and 10a are better than the two benchmarks used, and two derivatives, 14a and 14b more potent than cisplatin. All potent derivatives showed a strong fit with the active site of the two tested proteins (gastric cancer (PDB = 2BID) and colon cancer (PDB = 2A4L)) in the molecular docking study. The Pharmacophore and ADME studies of the new derivatives showed that most derivatives revealed promising bioactivity, which indicates the drug-likeness properties against kinase inhibitors, protease, and enzyme inhibitors. In addition, the ProTox-II showed that the four compounds 10d, 16, 6d, and 10a are predicted to have oral LD50 values ranging from 335 to 3500 mg/kg in a rat model with (1 s,4 s)-Eucalyptol bearing the highest values and quercetin holding the lowest one.

Effective corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by newly synthesized Schiff base nano Co(ii) and Cr(iii) complexes: spectral, thermal, electrochemical and DFT (FMO, NBO) studies

Two new cobalt(ii) and chromium(iii) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR, UV, elemental analysis, TGA, conductivity, XRD, SEM, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Structural analysis revealed a bi-dentate chelation and octahedral geometry for the synthesized complexes. The optical band gap of the Co(ii)-L and Cr(iii)-L complexes was found to be 3.00 and 3.25 eV, respectively revealing semiconducting properties. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed nano-crystalline particles for the obtained complexes. In addition, the synthesized metal complexes were examined as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in HCl solution. The electrochemical investigations showed a maximum inhibition efficiency of 96.60% for Co(ii)-L and 95.45% for Cr(iii)-L where both complexes acted as mixed-type inhibitors. Frontier Molecular orbital (FMO) and Natural bond orbital (NBO) computations showed good tendency of the ligand to donate electrons to the metal through nitrogen atoms while the resultant complexes tended to donate electrons to mild steel more effectively through oxygen atoms and phenyl groups. A comparison between experimental and theoretical findings was considered through the discussion.

Exploring the interaction of guanidine ligands Amiloride, Rimeporide and Cariporide with DNA for understanding their role as inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs): A spectroscopic and molecular docking investigation

The inhibition of Na⁺/H⁺ Exchangers (NHEs) has shown efficacy in the pathology of several diseases like tumors, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. The role of guanidine ligands such as amiloride, cariporide, and rimeporide as NHE inhibitors is very well documented but their interaction studies with genomic DNA are still unexplored. In this study, a combination of various biophysical and molecular docking studies was employed to investigate their binding aspects.UV-Visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) studies indicated that guanidine ligands bind to the grooves of Calf Thymus DNA (ctDNA). Fluorescence titration studies depict that amiloride binds to ctDNA with a binding constant in the order of 10² M^-1 and free energy change (ΔG⁰) of -14.05 KJ mol^-1. Competitive fluorescence studies indicated the minor groove binding property of amiloride, whereas major groove binding mode was deduced for rimeporide and cariporide. Molecular docking studies were also found to be in accordance with the experimental results, revealing the information about the binding energy of the guanidine ligand-ctDNA complex. The docked structures depicted binding energy of -6.4 kcal mol^-1 for amiloride and - 6.6 kcal mol^-1 for rimeporide and cariporide. Such physicochemical studies of DNA-ligand interactions may facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of NHE inhibition.

Shedding Light on the Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Characterization, and Computational Study of Optoelectronic Properties and Bioactivity of Imine derivatives

Two imine compounds named as (E)-2-(((3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino)methyl)phenol (DC2H) and (E)-4-(((2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol (DM4H) are synthesized, and their crystal structures are verified using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The crystal structures of the compounds are compared with the closely related crystal structures using the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). The crystal packing in terms of intermolecular interactions is fully explored by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Void analysis is carried out for both compounds to check the strength of the crystal packing. Furthermore, a state-of-the-art dual computational technique consisting of quantum chemical and molecular docking methods is used to shed light on the molecular structure, optoelectronic properties, and bioactivity of indigenously synthesized compounds. The optimized molecular geometries are compared with their counterpart experimental values. Based on previous reports of biofunctions of the indigenously synthesized imine derivatives, they are explored for their potential inhibition properties against two very crucial proteins (main protease (M^pro) and nonstructural protein 9 (NSP9)) of SARS-CoV-2. The calculated interaction energy values of DC2H and DM4H with M^pro are found to be -6.3 and -6.6 kcal/mol, respectively, and for NSP9, the calculated interaction energy value is found to be -6.5 kcal/mol. We believe that the current combined study through experiments and computational techniques will not only pique the interest of the broad scientific community but also evoke interest in their further in vitro and in vivo investigations.

A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies

Schiff bases (SBs) have extensive applications in different fields such as analytical, inorganic and organic chemistry. They are used as dyes, catalysts, polymer stabilizers, luminescence chemosensors, catalyzers in the fixation of CO2 biolubricant additives and have been suggested for solar energy applications as well. Further, a wide range of pharmacological and biological applications, such as antimalarial, antiproliferative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antipyretic, antibacterial and antifungal uses, emphasize the need for SB synthesis. Several SBs conjugated with chitosan have been studied in order to enhance the antibacterial activity of chitosan. Moreover, the use of the nanoparticles of SBs may improve their antimicrobial effects. Herein, we provide an analytical overview of the antibacterial and antifungal properties of SBs and chitosan-based SBs as well as SBs-functionalized nanoparticles. The most relevant and recent literature was reviewed for this purpose.

QSAR Modeling, Molecular Docking and Cytotoxic Evaluation for Novel Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes as Colon Anticancer Agents

Four new drug-based oxidovanadium (IV) complexes were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques, including molar conductance, magnetic measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, optimal structures geometry for all syntheses was obtained by the Gaussian09 program via the DFT/B3LYP method and showed that all of the metal complexes adopted a square-pyramidal structure. The essential parameters, electrophilicity (ω) value and expression for the maximum charge that an electrophile molecule may accept (ΔN_max) showed the practical biological potency of [VO(CTZ)₂] 2H₂O. The complexes were also evaluated for their propensity to bind to DNA through UV–vis absorption titration. The result revealed a high binding ability of the [VO(CTZ)₂] 2H₂O complex with K_b = 1.40 × 10⁶ M⁻¹. Furthermore, molecular docking was carried out to study the behavior of the VO (II) complexes towards colon cancer cell (3IG7) protein. A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study was also implemented for the newly synthesized compounds. The results of validation indicate that the generated QSAR model possessed a high predictive power (R² = 0.97). Within the investigated series, the [VO(CTZ)₂] 2H₂O complex showed the greatest potential the most selective compound comparing to the stander chemotherapy drug.