Programmable Polyproteams of Tyrosine Ammonia Lyases as Cross-Linked Enzymes for Synthesizing p-Coumaric Acid

Challenges and opportunities for engineered Escherichia coli as a pivotal chassis toward versatile tyrosine-derived chemicals production

Growing concerns over limited fossil resources and associated environmental problems are motivating the development of sustainable processes for the production of high-volume fuels and high-value-added compounds. The shikimate pathway, an imperative pathway in most microorganisms, is branched with tyrosine as the rate-limiting step precursor of valuable aromatic substances. Such occurrence suggests the shikimate pathway as a promising route in developing microbial cell factories with multiple applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have focused on this pathway to enable the biotechnological manufacture of pivotal and versatile aromatic products. With advances in genome databases and synthetic biology tools, genetically programmed Escherichia coli strains are gaining immense interest in the sustainable synthesis of chemicals. Engineered E. coli is expected to be the next bio-successor of fossil fuels and plants in commercial aromatics synthesis. This review summarizes successful and applicable genetic and metabolic engineering strategies to generate new chassis and engineer the iterative pathway of the tyrosine route in E. coli, thus addressing the opportunities and current challenges toward the realization of sustainable tyrosine-derived aromatics.