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Bendi A, Taruna, Rajni, Kataria S, Singh L, Kennedy JF, Supuran CT, Raghav N. Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400073. [PMID: 38683875 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Bendi
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Taruna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Kataria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Lakhwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Neutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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2
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Elsayad KA, Elmasry GF, Mahmoud ST, Awadallah FM. Sulfonamides as anticancer agents: A brief review on sulfonamide derivatives as inhibitors of various proteins overexpressed in cancer. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107409. [PMID: 38714116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides have gained prominence as versatile agents in cancer therapy, effectively targeting a spectrum of cancer-associated enzymes. This review provides an extensive exploration of their multifaceted roles in cancer biology. Sulfonamides exhibit adaptability by acting as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, disrupting pivotal signaling pathways in cancer progression. Moreover, they disrupt pH regulation mechanisms in cancer cells as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, inhibiting growth, and survival. Sulfonamides also serve as aromatase inhibitors, interfering with estrogen synthesis in hormone-driven cancers. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases presents an opportunity to impede cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Additionally, their emerging role as histone deacetylase inhibitors offers promising prospects in epigenetic-based cancer therapies. These diverse roles underscore sulfonamides as invaluable tools for innovative anti-cancer treatments, warranting further exploration for enhanced clinical applications and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Elsayad
- Pharmacy Department, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, 11662, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ghada F Elmasry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sally T Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadi M Awadallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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Ullah SA, Saeed A, Azeem M, Haider MB, Erben MF. Exploring the latest trends in chemistry, structure, coordination, and diverse applications of 1-acyl-3-substituted thioureas: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18011-18063. [PMID: 38847003 PMCID: PMC11155445 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Acyl thioureas represent a privileged moiety with vast potential applicability across diverse fields, making them the subject of extensive research efforts. The inherent flexibility of thiourea facilitates the synthesis of a wide range of core structures with diverse functionalities and properties. The distinctive presence of hard and soft donor sites renders acyl thioureas inclined to act as versatile ligands, thereby engendering a diverse array of metal complexes incorporating acyl thiourea as a pivotal ligand. Extensive investigations into the synthesized acyl thioureas and their derivatives have culminated in the elucidation of their substantial potential across a spectrum of applications, spanning biological activities, materials chemistry, catalysis, and beyond. This literature review represents a continuation of our ongoing endeavor to compile comprehensive data on research endeavors concerning acyl thioureas over the past two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Aqib Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Mian Bilal Haider
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Mauricio F Erben
- Departamento de Química, CEQUINOR (UNLP, CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Bv. 120 1465 La Plata 1900 Argentina
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Elebiju OF, Oduselu GO, Ogunnupebi TA, Ajani OO, Adebiyi E. In Silico Design of Potential Small-Molecule Antibiotic Adjuvants against Salmonella typhimurium Ortho Acetyl Sulphydrylase Synthase to Address Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:543. [PMID: 38794114 PMCID: PMC11124240 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of O-acetyl sulphydrylase synthase isoforms has been reported to represent a promising approach for the development of antibiotic adjuvants. This occurs via the organism developing an unpaired oxidative stress response, causing a reduction in antibiotic resistance in vegetative and swarm cell populations. This consequently increases the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics at lower doses. This study aimed to predict potential inhibitors of Salmonella typhimurium ortho acetyl sulphydrylase synthase (StOASS), which has lower binding energy than the cocrystalized ligand pyridoxal 5 phosphate (PLP), using a computer-aided drug design approach including pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and in silico ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) evaluation. The screening and molecular docking of 4254 compounds obtained from the PubChem database were carried out using AutoDock vina, while a post-screening analysis was carried out using Discovery Studio. The best three hits were compounds with the PubChem IDs 118614633, 135715279, and 155773276, possessing binding affinities of -9.1, -8.9, and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The in silico ADMET prediction showed that the pharmacokinetic properties of the best hits were relatively good. The optimization of the best three hits via scaffold hopping gave rise to 187 compounds, and they were docked against StOASS; this revealed that lead compound 1 had the lowest binding energy (-9.3 kcal/mol) and performed better than its parent compound 155773276. Lead compound 1, with the best binding affinity, has a hydroxyl group in its structure and a change in the core heterocycle of its parent compound to benzimidazole, and pyrimidine introduces a synergistic effect and consequently increases the binding energy. The stability of the best hit and optimized compound at the StOASS active site was determined using RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, and SASA plots generated from a molecular dynamics simulation. The MD simulation results were also used to monitor how the introduction of new functional groups of optimized compounds contributes to the stability of ligands at the target active site. The improved binding affinity of these compounds compared to PLP and their toxicity profile, which is predicted to be mild, highlights them as good inhibitors of StOASS, and hence, possible antimicrobial adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadunni F. Elebiju
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria; (O.F.E.); (G.O.O.); (T.A.O.); (O.O.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Gbolahan O. Oduselu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria; (O.F.E.); (G.O.O.); (T.A.O.); (O.O.A.)
| | - Temitope A. Ogunnupebi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria; (O.F.E.); (G.O.O.); (T.A.O.); (O.O.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O. Ajani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria; (O.F.E.); (G.O.O.); (T.A.O.); (O.O.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria; (O.F.E.); (G.O.O.); (T.A.O.); (O.O.A.)
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Sarfraz M, Ibrahim MK, Ejaz SA, Attaullah HM, Aziz M, Arafat M, Shamim T, Elhadi M, Ruby T, Mahmood HK. An Integrated Computational Approaches for Designing of Potential Piperidine based Inhibitors of Alzheimer Disease by Targeting Cholinesterase and Monoamine Oxidases Isoenzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04815-0. [PMID: 38165591 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the potential of piperidine-based 2H chromen-2-one derivatives against targeted enzymes, i.e., cholinesterase's and monoamine oxidase enzymes. The compounds were divided into three groups, i.e., 4a-m ((3,4-dimethyl-7-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives), 5a-e (3,4-dimethyl-7-((1-methypipridin-3-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives), and 7a-b (7-(3-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)propoxy)-3,4-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives) with slight difference in the basic structure. The comprehensive computational investigations were conducted including density functional theories studies (DFTs), 2D-QSAR studies, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. The QSAR equation revealed that the activity of selected chromen-2-one-based piperidine derivatives is being affected by the six descriptors, i.e., Nitrogens Count, SdssCcount, SssOE-Index, T-2-2-7, ChiV6chain, and SssCH2E-Index. These descriptor values were further used for the preparation of chromen-2-one based piperidine derivatives. Based on this, 83 new derivatives were created from 7 selected parent compounds. The QSAR model predicted their IC50 values, with compound 4 k and 4kk as the most potent multi-targeted derivative. Molecular docking results exhibited these compounds as the best inhibitors; however, 4kk exhibited greater activity than the parent compounds. The results were further validated by molecular dynamic simulation studies along with the suitable physicochemical properties. These results prove to be an essential guide for the further design and development of new piperidine based chromen-2-one derivatives having better activity against neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, 64141, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- AU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Attaullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mosab Arafat
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, 64141, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahira Shamim
- Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University College of Conventional Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muawya Elhadi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, P.O.Box 1040, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahira Ruby
- Institute of Zoology, Bahaudin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Kashif Mahmood
- Institute of Zoology, Bahaudin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
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Zamyatnin AA. Redox Regulation of Protein Functioning. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1281. [PMID: 37759681 PMCID: PMC10527316 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their derivatives play a key role in signaling under normal and oxidative stress conditions in all aerobic living organisms [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar Region, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Shahwan M, Hassan N, Ashames A, Alrouji M, Alhumaydhi F, Al Abdulmonem W, Muhsinah AB, Furkan M, Khan RH, Shamsi A, Atiya A. PF543-like compound, a promising sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor: Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamic simulation approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125466. [PMID: 37348582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) has been widely recognized as a significant contributor to various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, and hematological cancers. This research aimed to find a potential SphK1 inhibitor through a step-by-step virtual screening of PF543 (a known SphK1 inhibitor)-like compounds obtained from the PubChem library with the Tanimoto threshold of 80 %. The virtual screening process included several steps, namely physicochemical and ADMET evaluation, PAINS filtering, and molecular docking, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that compound CID:58293960 ((3R)-1,1-dioxo-2-[[3-[(4-phenylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl]methyl]-1,2-thiazolidine-3-carboxylic acid) demonstrated high potential as SphK1 inhibitor. All-atom MD simulations were performed for 100 ns to evaluate the stability and structural changes of the docked complexes in an aqueous environment. The analysis of the time evolution data of structural deviations, compactness, PCA, and free energy landscape (FEL) indicated that the binding of CID:58293960 with SphK1 is relatively stable throughout the simulation. The results of this study provide a platform for the discovery and development of new anticancer therapeutics targeting SphK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyad Shahwan
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nageeb Hassan
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram Ashames
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger St., Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger St., Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Furkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger St., Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
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Basavarajaiah SM, Badiger J, Nagesh GY, Gupta N, Karunakar P, Sridhar BT, Javeed M, Kiran KS, Rakesh B. Exploration of Indolo[3,2c]isoquinoline derived triazoles as potential antimicrobial and DNA cleavage agents: Synthesis, DFT calculations, and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106598. [PMID: 37186963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Indole and its derivatives are well-known assorted motif in drug design and development. We here in reporting synthesis of new 9-chloro-1-(4-substituted phenyl)-12H-indolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinolines 7 (a-h). Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by making use of spectroscopic techniques like IR, NMR and Mass. The DFT calculations were taken for the selected molecules using CAM-B3LYP hybrid functional with a 6-31 + g(d) all-electron basis set using the Gaussian 09 package. The drug-likeness predictions were described for the synthesized derivatives. The In vitro antimicrobial and DNA cleavage activities were reported for all compounds 7 (a-h). The compounds 7a, 7b, and 7h showed excellent microbial inhibition and DNA cleavage activity as compared to standard drugs. Furthermore, the docking studies for the newly synthesized molecules were carried out by Auto dock software with two molecular targets Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase (1 M17) and C-kit Tyrosine Kinase (1 T46) exhibited better binding affinity of all synthesized compounds. In addition, the docking results were observed to be in full agreement with the in vitro DNA cleavage assay suggesting the potential of synthesized metal complexes in biological applications. Lastly, the protein stability, fluctuations of APO-Protein, and protein-ligand complexes were investigated through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations studies using Desmond Maestro 11.3 and potential lead molecules were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaishree Badiger
- Department of Chemistry, MSI Degree College, Kalaburagi 585101, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nidhi Gupta
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Prashantha Karunakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore 560111 Karnataka, India
| | - Bilgumba Thimmaiah Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharani Science College for Women, Maharani Cluster University, Benagaluru 560001, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Javeed
- P. G. Department and Research Studies in Chemistry, Nrupatunga University, Bengaluru 560 001, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Kiran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain Deemed-to-be University, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Budimath Rakesh
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Davanagere University, Davanagere 577007, Karnataka, India
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Akman S, Akkoc S, Zeyrek CT, Muhammed MT, Ilhan IO. Density functional modeling, and molecular docking with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Wuhan) and omicron S protein (variant) studies of new heterocyclic compounds including a pyrazoline nucleus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12951-12965. [PMID: 36709442 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2169765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, different vaccines and antiviral drugs have been developed and their effectiveness has been proven against SARS-CoV-2. Pyrazoline derivatives are biologically active molecules and exhibit broad-spectrum biological activity properties. In this scope, four new molecules (4a-d) including a pyrazoline core were synthesized in order to predict their antiviral properties theoretically. Compounds 4a-d were purified by the crystallization method. The structures of 4a-d were completely characterized by NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of the compounds in the ground state have been optimized using density functional theory with the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level. The quantum chemical parameters were predicted by density functional theory calculations. Moreover, the molecular docking studies of 4a-d with SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (Wuhan) and omicron S protein (variant) were presented to investigate and predict potential interactions. The binding sites, binding types and energies, bond distances of the non-covalent interactions and calculated inhibition constants (calc. Ki) as a consequence of molecular docking for 4a-d were presented in this study. Furthermore, the stability of the protein-4a complex obtained from the docking was investigated through molecular dynamics simulation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Akman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Senem Akkoc
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Celal Tugrul Zeyrek
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Ozer Ilhan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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