Combined Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents, Macroporous Resins, and Preparative Liquid Chromatography for the Isolation and Purification of Flavonoids and 20-Hydroxyecdysone from Chenopodium quinoa Willd

Spectrum-Effect Relationship Between Fingerprints and Anti-Inflammatory and Antitussive Activities of Raw and Processed Mume Fructus Extracts

Mume Fructus (MF), a representative substance in the field of medicine-food homology, has been extensively utilized in clinical treatments and daily diets for its raw and processed forms. This study aimed to establish the spectrum-effect relationship between ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) fingerprints and anti-inflammatory and antitussive activities of raw and processed MF extracts. In UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS fingerprints, a total of 21 common peaks were identified. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that the raw and processed MF extracts exhibited varying degrees of anti-inflammatory and antitussive effects. Subsequently, the relevant pharmacologically active ingredients were screened by grey relation analysis and partial least squares regression. The results showed that nine components were associated with anti-inflammatory effects, namely, citric acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, fumaric acid, gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ononin. Additionally, three components were linked to antitussive activity: amygdalin, syringic acid, and succinic acid, respectively. This work developed a model combining UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS fingerprints with anti-inflammatory and antitussive activities to study the spectrum-effect relationship of raw and processed MF extracts. The findings provide a reference for the discovery of bioactive components and contribute to the clinical rationalization of medications.

New perspectives on djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) and its potential application in functional food

Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is an endemic cereal plant to Taiwan that has been cultivated by Taiwanese aborigines for hundreds of years. Djulis Djulis is a well-known ruby cereal because it contains betanin and exhibits strong antioxidant activity. This review summarizes comprehensive information regarding proximate composition, phytochemical compounds, biological activities, and recent industrial applications. Djulis is rich in phytochemical compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, and betanin. Further assessment of cell and animal studies showed that djulis leaf, whole grain, hull, and seed extracts exhibited antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-adipogenesis, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and gastric protective properties. Products incorporating djulis were also included in this review. This review provides new insights into the application of djulis in the development of new products.

Recent advances in methods of extraction, pre-concentration, purification, identification, and quantification of kaempferol

As a naturally widely-occurring dietary, cosmetic, and therapeutic flavonoid, kaempferol has gained much consideration for its nutritional and pharmaceutical properties in recent years. Although there have been performed a high number of studies associated with different aspects of kaempferol's analytical investigations, the lack of a comprehensive summary of the various methods and other plant sources that have been reported for this compound is being felt, especially for many biological applications. This study, aimed to provide a detailed compilation consisting of sources (plant species) and analytical information that was precisely related to the natural flavonoid (kaempferol). There is a trend in analytical research that supports the application of modern eco-friendly instruments and methods. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is the most general advanced method used widely today for the extraction of kaempferol. During recent years, there is an increasing tendency towards the identification of kaempferol by different methods.

Comment on the "Does saponin in quinoa really embody the source of its bitterness?"

Saponins are considered the main source of the bitter taste of quinoa, however, it has not been confirmed by Song et al. (2024). These authors suggested that saponin extracts contribute to the umami taste, however, the stronger source of the bitter taste may be the flavonoids contained in the extracts. It is an interesting finding in view of the flavonoids role in the field of food sciences. The UPLC-MS results showed that besides saponins, also polyphenols were present in the analyzed samples. However, the presented results of UPLC-MS analysis should be substantially improved, mainly with respect to the reported accurate masses and retention times, as described in details in this comment.

Application of eco-friendly natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in HPLC for separation of complex natural products: Current limitations and future directions

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been used in chromatography as extraction media and HPLC mobile phase additives, but only once have they been used as HPLC major mobile phase component. This review illustrates current knowledge and major limitations on use of NADES in HPLC mobile phase as well as to propose possible NADES may be ready for use as HPLC mobile phases and the detectors they can be used with. High viscosity is one of the major roadblocks encountered when using NADES as a mobile phase component in HPLC regardless of detectors employed. A comprehensive review of published literature was conducted to identify articles that focused on using NADES as extraction solvents for natural products, particularly polyphenols or reported NADES viscosities to establish a database of NADES which could be used as HPLC mobile phases under various conditions. Other identified challenges that limit NADES application in HPLC mobile phase include low volatility, NADES wavelength cutoff (UV and Fluorescent detectors) and impurities. Methods for overcoming these limitations are discussed so that NADES may be more integrated into HPLC systems in the future.

Recovery and separation of glycyrrhizic acid from Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) extract by macroporous resin: adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) have emerged as a green and sustainable alternative to conventional organic solvents to extract bioactive compounds. However, the recovery of bioactive compounds from the NADES extracts is challenging, restricting their large-scale applications. The present work investigated the recovery of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from choline-chloride/lactic acid NADES extract using macroporous resins. GA possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, and it is extracted from the well-known herb Glycyrrhiza glabra. During resin screening, DIAIONTM SP700 showed high adsorption and desorption capacities. The adsorption kinetics study demonstrated that the adsorption of GA on SP700 followed Pseudo First-order kinetic model. Moreover, the adsorption behaviors were elucidated by the Freundlich isotherm using a correlation coefficient based on a static adsorption study at different temperatures and pH. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters, for instance, the change of Gibbs free energy (ΔG*), entropy (ΔS*), and enthalpy (ΔH*), showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous, favorable and exothermic. In addition, the sample after macroporous resin treatment, which is enriched with GA exhibited good anticancer potential analyzed by SRB assay. The regenerated NADES solvent was recycled twice, keeping more than 90% extraction efficiency, indicating good reusability of NADES in the GA extraction process by using macroporous resin.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, α-Glucosidase and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Quinoa Extract and Its Fractions

This study is aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions and biological activities of quinoa, a novel and excellent food crop. Quinoa extract and its fractions were prepared by ethanol extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, including ethanol crude extract, and petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EAF), and n-butanol and water fractions. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities of the extract and fractions were further determined. Based on these foundations, the chemical composition of the EAF fraction exhibiting the strongest functional activity was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed the EAF fraction had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, and the highest antioxidant activities, as well as the strongest α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities, which is even better than the positive control. The phytochemical composition of the EAF fraction indicated that 661 and 243 metabolites were identified in positive and negative ion modes, which were classified into superclass, class and subclass levels, respectively. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were the major bioactive compounds in the EAF fraction. This study found that quinoa, especially its ethyl acetate fraction, had the potential for the development of natural antioxidants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and hypoglycemic agents.

A Green Method of Extracting and Recovering Flavonoids from Acanthopanax senticosus Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

In recent years, green extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal medicines has generated widespread interest. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have widely replaced traditional organic solvents in the extraction process. In this study, the efficiencies of eight DESs in extracting flavonoids from Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) were compared. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the independent variable including ultrasonic power, water content, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time. DES composed of glycerol and levulinic acid (1:1) was chosen as the most suitable extraction medium. Optimal conditions were ultrasonic power of 500 W, water content of 28%, solid-liquid ratio of 1:18 g·mL⁻¹, extraction temperature of 55 °C, and extraction time of 73 min. The extraction yield of total flavonoids reached 23.928 ± 0.071 mg·g⁻¹, which was 40.7% higher compared with ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction. Macroporous resin (D-101, HPD-600, S-8 and AB-8) was used to recover flavonoids from extracts. The AB-8 resin showed higher adsorption/desorption performance, with a recovery rate of total flavonoids of up to 71.56 ± 0.256%. In addition, DES solvent could efficiently be reused twice. In summary, ultrasonic-assisted DES combined with the macroporous resin enrichment method is exceptionally effective in recovering flavonoids from AS, and provides a promising environmentally friendly and recyclable strategy for flavonoid extraction from natural plant sources.

Current Progress in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Active Components from Plants

In the last decade, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have gained more and more attention due to their green, convenient preparation, low toxicity and biodegradability. It is widely used in various fields, especially in the extraction of active components from plants, formed by the combination of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) at a certain condition. In this article, six preparation methods of NADESs were summarized and the interactions that occur in the eutectic behavior of NADES including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction and van der Waals force were also reviewed. What is more, its significant extraction capacity on flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids and plant pigments endows its extensive applications in the extraction of active components from medicinal plants. Extraction factors including solvents properties (viscosity, carbon chain length, number of hydroxyl groups), extraction condition (water content, extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio), extraction method and recycling method were discussed. In addition, NADESs can also be combined with other technologies, like molecular imprinting, monolithic column, to achieve efficient and specific extraction of active ingredients. Further systematic studies on the biodegradability and biotoxicity are put forward to be urgent.

Effects on Steroid 5-Alpha Reductase Gene Expression of Thai Rice Bran Extracts and Molecular Dynamics Study on SRD5A2

Simple Summary

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most potent androgen hormone, is an important aetiologic factor of androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or hair loss. Steroid 5-alpha reductases (SRD5As) increase DHT production in the scalp hair follicles, resulting in hair thinning and hair loss. Even though synthetic SRD5A inhibitors (finasteride and dutasteride) are effective in treating AGA, they cause adverse effects. This has led to an increased interest in alternative treatments from natural sources. The value of Thai rice bran has increased because several of its components may have use in AGA treatment. This study aimed to compare the suppression of the expression of SRD5A genes (type 1–3) exerted by several Thai rice bran extracts and investigate the interactional mechanism of their components towards SRD5A type 2. Tubtim Chumphae rice bran (TRB) had the highest sum of overall bioactive compounds. Among all extracts, the expression of SRD5A genes was suppressed by TRB as well as finasteride. In silico simulation showed that α-tocopherol had the greatest interaction with SRD5A type 2. Our findings identified α-tocopherol as the key bioactive in TRB; it could be developed as an anti-hair loss product.

Abstract

Steroid 5-alpha reductases (SRD5As) are responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a potent androgen, which is the aetiologic factor of androgenetic alopecia. This study aimed to compare the SRD5A gene expression suppression activity exerted by Thai rice bran extracts and their components and investigate the interactional mechanism between bioactive compounds and SRD5A2 using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Bran of Oryza sativa cv. Tubtim Chumphae (TRB), Yamuechaebia Morchor (YRB), Riceberry (RRB), and Malinil Surin (MRB), all rice milling by-products, was solvent-extracted. The ethanolic extract of TRB had the highest sum of overall bioactive compounds (γ-oryzanol; α-, β-, and γ-tocopherol; phenolics; and flavonoids). Among all extracts, TRB greatly downregulated the expression of SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3; there were no significant differences between TRB and finasteride regarding SRD5A suppression. The linear relationship and principal component analysis supported that the α-tocopherol content was correlated with the SRD5A suppression exerted by TRB. Furthermore, MD simulation demonstrated that α-tocopherol had the highest binding affinity towards SRD5A2 by interacting with residues Phe118 and Trp201. Our findings indicate that α-tocopherol effectively downregulates the expression of SRD5A genes and inhibits SRD5A2 activity, actions that are comparable to standard finasteride. TRB, a source of α-tocopherol, could be developed as an anti-hair loss product.

Phytochemical profile and antiproliferative activity of human lymphocytes of Gomphrena virgata Mart. (Amaranthaceae)

Gomphrena virgata Mart. popularly known as 'Cangussu-branco', is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammations and infections. This work aimed to carry out phytochemical analysis and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of Gomphrena virgata. In the phytochemical investigation, in addition to the presence of two ecdysteroids, 20 R-dihydroxyecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, identified by HPLC-PDA-MS and NMR, 22 compounds were identified by GC-MS. In the cytotoxicity study, the aqueous extract of the roots of this species did not show in vitro toxicity of PBMCs in the concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 µg/mL when analyzed by the trypan blue exclusion method. Also, it was effective in reducing lymphocyte proliferation, stimulated with the mitogen PHA, by 26.02%, 48.57% and 50.49% when compared to dexamethasone, respectively. In this work we present information about the phytochemicals of G. virgata, showing that the species is promising in obtaining compounds with medicinal potential mainly anti-inflammatory potential.

Extraction and separation of flavonoids from Malus hupehensis using high-speed countercurrent chromatography based on deep eutectic solvent

In the present experiment, a green and highly efficient extraction method for flavonoids established on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was investigated by using the response surface methodology. The DES-based high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) solvent systems were developed for the separation of high purity compounds from the DES extract of Malus hupehensis for the first time. Under the optimal conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio of 26.3 mL/g, water content of 25.5%, and extraction temperature of 77.5°C), the yield of flavonoids was 15.3 ± 0.1%, which was superior to that of the methanol extraction method. In accordance with the physical property of DES-based HSCCC solvent systems and K values of target compounds, DES-based HSCCC solvent systems composed of choline chloride/glucose-water-ethyl acetate (ChCl/Glu-H₂O-EAC, 1:1:2, v/v) was selected for the HSCCC separation. Thus, five flavonoids (two novel compounds 1-2, 6´´-O-coumaroyl-2´-O-glucopyranosylphloretin and 3´´´-methoxy-6´´-O-feruloy-2´-O-glucopyranosylphloretin; three know compounds 3-5, namely, avicularin, phloridzin, and sieboldin) were efficiently separated from Malus hupehensis. DESs are the environment friendly and highly efficient solvents as the components of extraction solvent and HSCCC solvent system, and can be re-utilized many times. However, ethyl acetate can be soluble with a few hydrogen bond donors, such as urea, carboxylic acid and polyol, through the shake flask test. It is the great difficulty for the efficient and rapid separation of target compounds from the DESs extract because of the DESs residual in the HSCCC fractions. ChCl and Glu are the great choices of DESs without this problem. In addition, K values increased with the increase of the molar ratio of ChCl/Glu and the content of water, which could effectively guide us to choose the suitable DES-based HSCCC solvent system. The twice HSCCC separation results indicated that DES was the valuable and green solvent for the HSCCC separation of pure compounds from the extract for the first time, and showed the recycle superiority of DES-based HSCCC solvent system.

Phytochemical Omics in Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants are used to treat diseases and provide health benefits, and their applications are increasing around the world [...].