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Zhang X, Guo Z, Li Y, Xu Y. Splicing to orchestrate cell fate. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2025; 36:102416. [PMID: 39811494 PMCID: PMC11729663 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays a critical role in gene expression by generating protein diversity from single genes. This review provides an overview of the role of AS in regulating cell fate, focusing on its involvement in processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. We explore how AS influences the cell cycle, particularly its impact on key stages like G1, S, and G2/M. The review also examines AS in cell differentiation, highlighting its effects on mesenchymal stem cells and neurogenesis, and how it regulates differentiation into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Additionally, we discuss the role of AS in programmed cell death, including apoptosis and pyroptosis, and its contribution to cancer progression. Importantly, targeting aberrant splicing mechanisms presents promising therapeutic opportunities for restoring normal cellular function. By synthesizing recent findings, this review provides insights into how AS governs cellular fate and offers directions for future research into splicing regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurui Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghao Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yachen Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yungang Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, P.R. China
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Hsu PC, Wu BC, Wang CC, Chiu LC, Chang CH, Liu PC, Wu CE, Kuo SCH, Ju JS, Huang ACC, Lin YC, Yang CT, Ko HW. A Clinical Analysis of Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatments Combined with Chemotherapy in Untreated Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:474. [PMID: 38793725 PMCID: PMC11125689 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-world clinical experience of using anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients has rarely been reported. In this study, we aimed to perform a retrospective multicenter clinical analysis of extensive-stage SCLC patients receiving first-line therapy with anti-PD-L1 ICIs combined with chemotherapy. Between November 2018 and March 2022, 72 extensive-stage SCLC patients receiving first-line atezolizumab or durvalumab in combination with chemotherapy, according to the cancer center databases of Linkou, Chiayi, and Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, were retrospectively included in the analysis. Twenty-one patients (29.2%) received atezolizumab and fifty-one (70.8%) received durvalumab. Objective response (OR) and disease control (DC) rates of 59.7% and 73.6%, respectively, were observed with first-line ICI plus chemotherapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.63 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 5.25-8.02), and the median overall survival (OS) was 16.07 months (95% CI, 15.12-17.0) in all study patients. A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; >4) and a high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration (>260 UL) were identified as independent unfavorable factors associated with shorter OS in the multivariate analysis. Regarding safety, neutropenia was the most common grade 3 treatment-related adverse event (AE), but no treatment-related deaths occurred in the study patients. First-line anti-PD-L1 ICIs combined with chemotherapy are effective and safe for male extensive-stage SCLC patients. Further therapeutic strategies may need to be developed for patients with unfavorable outcomes (e.g., baseline high NLR and serum LDH level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chih Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Bing-Chen Wu
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Chiu
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Chiung-Hsin Chang
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33378, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chi Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Chiao-En Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
| | - Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Jia-Shiuan Ju
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
| | - Allen Chung-Cheng Huang
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - How-Wen Ko
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (B.-C.W.); (L.-C.C.); (C.-H.C.); (S.C.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (A.C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (C.-E.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
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Manabile MA, Hull R, Khanyile R, Molefi T, Damane BP, Mongan NP, Bates DO, Dlamini Z. Alternative Splicing Events and Their Clinical Significance in Colorectal Cancer: Targeted Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3999. [PMID: 37568815 PMCID: PMC10417810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as one of the top causes of cancer mortality worldwide and its incidence is on the rise, particularly in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). There are several factors that contribute to the development and progression of CRC. Alternative splicing (AS) was found to be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of CRC. With the advent of genome/transcriptome sequencing and large patient databases, the broad role of aberrant AS in cancer development and progression has become clear. AS affects cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion, and migration. These splicing changes activate oncogenes or deactivate tumor suppressor genes by producing altered amounts of normally functional or new proteins with different, even opposing, functions. Thus, identifying and characterizing CRC-specific alternative splicing events and variants might help in designing new therapeutic splicing disrupter drugs. CRC-specific splicing events can be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this review, alternatively spliced events and their role in CRC development will be discussed. The paper also reviews recent research on alternatively spliced events that might be exploited as prognostic, diagnostic, and targeted therapeutic indicators. Of particular interest is the targeting of protein arginine methyltransferase (PMRT) isoforms for the development of new treatments and diagnostic tools. The potential challenges and limitations in translating these discoveries into clinical practice will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosebo Armstrong Manabile
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (M.A.M.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (M.A.M.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (D.O.B.)
| | - Richard Khanyile
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (M.A.M.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Thulo Molefi
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (M.A.M.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Botle Precious Damane
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Nigel Patrick Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK;
| | - David Owen Bates
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (M.A.M.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (D.O.B.)
- Centre for Cancer Sciences, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (M.A.M.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (D.O.B.)
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Mansorunov D, Apanovich N, Kipkeeva F, Nikulin M, Malikhova O, Stilidi I, Karpukhin A. The Correlation of Ten Immune Checkpoint Gene Expressions and Their Association with Gastric Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213846. [PMID: 36430322 PMCID: PMC9695628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibition (IC), additional ICs are being studied to increase its effectiveness. An almost unstudied feature is the possible co-expression of ICs, which can determine the therapeutic efficacy of their inhibition. For the selection of promising ICs, information on the association of their expression with cancer development may be essential. We have obtained data on the expression correlation of ADAM17, PVR, TDO2, CD274, CD276, CEACAM1, IDO1, LGALS3, LGALS9, and HHLA2 genes in gastric cancer (GC). All but one, TDO2, have other IC genes with co-expression at some stage. At the metastatic stage, the expression of the IDO1 does not correlate with any other gene. The correlations are positive, but the expressions of the CD276 and CEACAM1 genes are negatively correlated. The expression of TDO2 and LGALS3 is associated with GC metastasis. The expression of TDO2 four-fold higher in metastatic tumors than in non-metastatic tumors, but LGALS3 was two-fold lower. The differentiation is associated with IDO1. The revealed features of TDO2, with a significant increase in expression at the metastatic stage and the absence of other IC genes with correlated expression indicates that the prospect of inhibiting TDO2 in metastatic GC. IDO1 may be considered for inhibition in low-differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danzan Mansorunov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya Apanovich
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fatimat Kipkeeva
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Nikulin
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Malikhova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Stilidi
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karpukhin
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-324-12-39
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