Non-Homologous End-Joining Pathway Genotypes Significantly Associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Susceptibility

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multifactorial malignancy influenced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), a key regulator of extracellular matrix remodeling, has been implicated in NPC progression. This study investigated the association between MMP-7 rs11568818 and rs11568819 genotypes and NPC susceptibility in a Taiwanese cohort consisted of 208 NPC cases and 416 cancer-free controls.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The genotypic patterns of MMP-7 rs11568818 and rs11568819 were revealed by utilizing PCR-RFLP methodology. In addition, the interaction between MMP-7 genotypes and lifestyle factors (including smoking, alcohol consumption, and betel quid chewing) was also analyzed in a stratified manner.

RESULTS

Genotypic distribution analysis of MMP-7 rs11568818 showed no significant association with NPC risk (p for trend=0.4641). Individuals carrying the AG (OR=1.22, 95%CI=0.79-1.90, p=0.4384) or GG (OR=1.74, 95%CI=0.52-5.79, p=0.5539) genotypes exhibited a modestly elevated, but statistically non-significant, risk compared to AA carriers. Similarly, allelic frequency analysis indicated that the G allele did not significantly contribute to NPC susceptibility (OR=1.28, 95%CI=0.87-1.87, p=0.2433). Stratified analysis revealed a significant interaction between MMP-7 rs11568818 and smoking status (p for trend=0.0018). Among smokers, AG and GG genotypes were associated with an increased NPC risk (AG: OR=2.70, 95%CI=1.34-5.44, p=0.0076; GG: OR=9.27, 95%CI=1.01-84.66, p=0.0345), which remained significant after adjusting for confounders (adjusted OR=2.53, 95%CI=1.27-4.88; adjusted OR=7.89, 95%CI=1.02-47.38). No interactions were observed with alcohol consumption or betel quid chewing. Additionally, no polymorphic genotypes were detected for MMP-7 rs11568819 in the studied population.

CONCLUSION

While MMP-7 rs11568818 does not directly influence NPC susceptibility in a Taiwanese population, its interaction with smoking may contribute to elevated NPC risk.

Significant Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Polymorphisms With Triple Negative Breast Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been associated with the development and progression of breast cancer (BCa). However, the relationship between MMP-9 genetic variants and BCa susceptibility remains contentious and inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the association of MMP-9 rs3918242 promoter polymorphisms with BCa, with a particular focus on the risk of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A case-control study was conducted involving 1,232 BCa patients and 1,232 healthy controls. The MMP-9 rs3918242 genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis.

RESULTS

The genotype distribution of MMP-9 rs3918242 among the control group adhered to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.3265). No statistically significant differences were observed in the genotype frequencies between BCa cases and controls (p for trend=0.2555). Although the homozygous variant genotype (TT) showed a potential risk-increasing effect, this was not statistically significant [odds ratio (OR)=1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.88-2.36, p=0.1869]. Similarly, allele frequency analysis indicated no significant association between the variant T allele and overall BCa risk (OR=1.13, 95%CI=0.97-1.33, p=0.1265). Additionally, no interaction was detected between MMP-9 rs3918242 genotypes and the age of BCa onset (both p>0.05). Notably, the TT genotype of MMP-9 rs3918242 was significantly associated with an increased risk of TNBC (OR=2.49, 95%CI=1.32-4.72, p=0.0072).

CONCLUSION

The MMP-9 rs3918242 TT genotype may serve as a potential predictive biomarker for TNBC in the Taiwanese population.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Genotypes With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

The up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is a characteristic feature observed across various malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Nevertheless, the influence of MMP-9 genotype in the context of NPC remains underexplored. This study examined the implications of MMP-9 promoter rs3918242 genotypes on the susceptibility to NPC in Taiwan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a cohort comprising 208 NPC cases and 416 healthy controls, genotyping of MMP-9 rs3918242 was conducted utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

Individuals harbouring the variant CT or TT genotype of MMP-9 rs3918242 did not demonstrate a discernible alteration in NPC risk when compared to wild-type CC carriers [odds ratio (OR)=0.83 and 0.79, with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)=0.56-1.24 and 0.27-2.29; p=0.4205 and 0.8675, respectively]. Moreover, the presence of the variant T allele did not confer a modified risk of NPC (OR=0.84, 95%CI=0.60-1.19, p=0.3761). Intriguingly, a protective effect associated with the MMP-9 rs3918242 CT genotype against NPC risk was discerned among individuals abstaining from betel quid chewing behaviour (OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.30-0.87, p=0.0166). Notably, no significant association was established between the MMP-9 rs3918242 CT or TT genotype and NPC risk among individuals with or without smoking or alcohol consumption habits.

CONCLUSION

Presence of the variant CT or TT genotype at MMP-9 rs3918242 did not appear to substantially contribute to an elevated risk of NPC. Notably, a protective effect against NPC risk was observed in individuals carrying the CT genotype, particularly in those abstaining from betel quid chewing.

Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 to Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer Risk in Taiwan

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, which degrade type IV collagen, are linked to cancer invasion and metastasis. Gene polymorphisms in MMP-2 and MMP-9 can influence their function, impacting cancer development and progression. This study analyzed the association between polymorphisms MMP-2 rs243865 (C-1306T), rs2285053 (C-735T), and MMP-9 rs3918242 (C-1562T) with serum concentrations of these enzymes in upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) patients. We conducted a case-control study with 218 UTUC patients and 580 healthy individuals in Taiwan. Genotyping was performed using PCR/RFLP on DNA from blood samples, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels and mRNA expressions in 30 UTUC patients were measured using ELISA and real-time PCR. Statistical analysis showed that MMP-2 rs2285053 and MMP-9 rs3918242 genotypes were differently distributed between UTUC patients and controls (p = 0.0199 and 0.0020). The MMP-2 rs2285053 TT genotype was associated with higher UTUC risk compared to the CC genotype (OR = 2.20, p = 0.0190). Similarly, MMP-9 rs3918242 CT and TT genotypes were linked to increased UTUC risk (OR = 1.51 and 2.92, p = 0.0272 and 0.0054). In UTUC patients, TT carriers of MMP-2 rs2285053 and MMP-9 rs3918242 showed higher mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that MMP-2 rs2285053 and MMP-9 rs3918242 genotypes are significant markers for UTUC risk and metastasis in Taiwan.

Non-homologous End-joining Genotype, mRNA Expression, and DNA Repair Capacity in Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

BACKGROUND/AIM

The capacity for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair plays a pivotal role in maintaining genome stability and in carcinogenesis. However, there is little literature on the involvement of NHEJ-related genes in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Our study aimed to elucidate the impact of polymorphisms of X-ray repair cross-complementing group 4 (XRCC4) (rs6869366, rs2075685, rs2075686, rs28360071, rs3734091, rs28360317, rs1805377), XRCC5 (rs828907, rs11685387, rs9288518), XRCC6 (rs5751129, rs2267437, rs132770, rs132774), XRCC7 rs7003908, and DNA ligase IV (LIG4) rs1805388, on the odds of childhood ALL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genotypes NHEJ-related genes of 266 cases and 266 controls were determined, and the genotype-phenotype correlation was investigated by examining mRNA transcript expression and the capacity for overall and precise NHEJ repair.

RESULTS

The variant genotypes of XRCC4 rs3734091, rs28360071, XRCC5 rs828907, and XRCC6 rs5751129 were significantly associated with increased odds of childhood ALL. Further analysis based on susceptibility genotypes showed no significant differences in mRNA transcript expression levels among childhood ALL cases with various putative high-risk genotypes, except XRCC6 rs5751129. Moreover, the overall NHEJ repair capacity was similar among carriers of different XRCC4, XRCC5, and XRCC6 genotypes. However, it is worth noting that individuals carrying the variant C allele at XRCC6 rs5751129 exhibited lower precise NHEJ repair capacity compared to those with the wild-type T allele.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified significant associations between XRCC4 rs3734091, rs28360071, XRCC5 rs828907, and XRCC6 rs5751129 genotypes and childhood ALL. Notably, lower transcriptional expression and reduced precise NHEJ repair capacity were observed in patients carrying the C allele of XRCC6 rs5751129. Further investigations are required to gain deeper insights into childhood ALL development.

The Contribution of DNA Ligase 4 Polymorphisms to Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

While numerous biomarkers associated with genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) have been identified and validated through epidemiological studies, the specific influence of DNA ligase 4 (Lig4) genotypes remains unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the hitherto unexamined relationship between Lig4 genotypes and CRC risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388 were determined applying the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. The potential association between these genotypes and CRC risk was assessed in a Taiwanese population comprising 362 CRC cases and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls.

RESULTS

In the genotypic analysis, the distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes for Lig4 rs1805388 among CRC cases was 54.7%, 38.1%, and 7.2%, respectively. This distribution was not significantly different from the controls, which exhibited genotypic frequencies of 57.2%, 36.7%, and 6.1%, respectively (p for trend=0.7314). Analysis of allelic distribution indicated that individuals carrying the T allele of Lig4 rs1805388 displayed a slightly elevated CRC risk compared to those carrying the C allele (odds ratio=1.10, 95% confidence interval=0.87-1.39, p=0.4685).

CONCLUSION

The variant genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388 may not serve as predictive markers for CRC risk in the Taiwanese population.

The Significant Contribution of Interleukin-16 Genotypes, Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, and Helicobacter Pylori Infection to Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Elevated serum interleukin-16 (IL-16) levels have been reported in gastric cancer (GC) tissues; however, the role of IL-16 genotypes in GC susceptibility remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of IL-16 genotypes to GC susceptibility and to assess their interactions with smoking, alcohol drinking, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology was employed to determine IL-16 rs4778889, rs11556218, and rs4072111 genotypic characteristics in 161 patients with GC and 483 controls.

RESULTS

Significant differences were observed in the distribution of genotypic (p=0.0009) and allelic (p=0.0002) frequencies of IL-16 rs11556218 among cases and controls. Specifically, the frequencies of TG and GG genotypes of IL-16 rs11556218 were 37.3% and 6.8% among patients with GC, respectively, which were higher than those among the controls (26.7% and 2.7%). In contrast, no significant differences were found concerning IL-16 rs4778889 or rs4072111. Notably, individuals with IL-16 rs11556218 TT genotypes exhibited significant protective effects against GC when exposed to risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and H. pylori infection.

CONCLUSION

IL-16 rs11556218 T allele was associated with reduced susceptibility to GC. Furthermore, carriers of the TT genotype showed protection against GC risk factors, including smoking, alcohol drinking, and H. pylori infection. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential role of IL-16 genotypes in GC development and their interactions with lifestyle and infectious factors.

The Contribution of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Genotypes to Breast Cancer Risk in Taiwan

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is an endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and is highly expressed in breast cancer (BC) cases at diagnosis. However, the genetic investigations for the association of TIMP-2 genotypes with BC risk are rather limited. In this study, contribution of TIMP-2 rs8179090, rs4789936, rs2009196 and rs7342880 genotypes to BC risk was examined among Taiwan's BC population. TIMP-2 genotypic profiles were revealed among 1232 BC cases and 1232 controls about their contribution to BC using a PCR-based RFLP methodology. The TIMP-2 rs8179090 homozygous variant CC genotype was significantly higher in BC cases than controls (odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.78-4.28, p = 0.0001). Allelic analysis showed that C allele carriers have increased risk for BC (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.20-1.62, p = 0.0001). Genotypic together with allelic analysis showed that TIMP-2 rs4789936, rs2009196 or rs7342880 were not associated with BC risk. Stratification analysis showed that TIMP-2 rs8179090 genotypes were significantly associated with BC risk among younger (≤55) aged women, not among those of an elder (>55) age. Last, rs8179090 genotypes were also associated with triple negative BC. This study sheds light into the etiology of BC in Taiwanese women. Rs8179090 may be incorporated into polygenic risk scores and risk prediction models, which could aid in stratifying individuals for targeted breast cancer screening.