Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Integration into Polymer-Based Fibers for Biomedical Applications

Recent Advances and Challenges for Biological Materials in Micro/Nanocarrier Synthesis for Bone Infection and Tissue Engineering

Roughly 1.71 billion people worldwide suffer from large bone abnormalities, which are the primary cause of disability. Traditional bone grafting procedures have several drawbacks that impair their therapeutic efficacy and restrict their use in clinical settings. A great deal of work has been done to create fresh, more potent strategies. Under these circumstances, a crucial technique for the regeneration of major lesions has emerged: bone tissue engineering (BTE). BTE involves the use of biomaterials that can imitate the natural design of bone. To yet, no biological material has been able to fully meet the parameters of the perfect implantable material, even though several varieties have been created and investigated for bone regeneration. Against this backdrop, researchers have focused a great deal of interest over the past few years on the subject of nanotechnology and the use of nanostructures in regenerative medicine. The ability to create nanoengineered particles that can overcome the current constraints in regenerative strategies─such as decreased cell proliferation and differentiation, insufficient mechanical strength in biological materials, and insufficient production of extrinsic factors required for effective osteogenesis has revolutionized the field of bone and tissue engineering. The effects of nanoparticles on cell characteristics and the application of biological materials for bone regeneration are the main topics of our review, which summarizes the most recent in vitro and in vivo research on the application of nanotechnology in the context of BTE.

On the Structural and Biological Effects of Hydroxyapatite and Gold Nano-Scale Particles in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Smart Scaffolds for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering

Piezoelectric materials, due to their ability to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical deformation, are becoming increasingly attractive in the engineering of bone and neural tissues. This manuscript reports the effects of the addition of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), introduction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via sonochemical coating, and collector rotation speed on the formation of electroactive phases and biological properties in electrospun nanofiber scaffolds consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). FTIR, WAXS, DSC, and SEM results indicate that introduction of nHA increases the content of electroactive phases and fiber alignment. The collector rotational speed increases not only the fiber alignment but also the content of electroactive phases in PVDF and PVDF/nHA fibers. Increased fiber orientation and introduction of each of additives resulted in increased SFE and water uptake. In vitro tests conducted on MG-63 and hiPSC-NSC cells showed increased adhesion and cell proliferation. The results indicate that PVDF-based composites with nHA and AuNPs are promising candidates for the development of advanced scaffolds for bone and neural tissue engineering applications, combining electrical functionality and biological activity to support tissue regeneration.

A mechanistic overview on green assisted formulation of nanocomposites and their multifunctional role in biomedical applications

The importance of nanocomposites constantly attains attention because of their unique properties all across the fields especially in medical perspectives. The study of green-synthesized nanocomposites has grown to be extremely fascinating in the field of research. Nanocomposites are more promising than mono-metallic nanoparticles because they exhibit synergistic effects. This review encapsulates the current development in the formulation of plant-mediated nanocomposites by using several plant species and the impact of secondary metabolites on their biocompatible functioning. Phyto-synthesis produces diverse nanomaterials with biocompatibility, environment-friendliness, and in vivo actions, characterized by varying sizes, shapes, and biochemical nature. This process is advantageous to conventional physical and chemical procedures. New studies have been conducted to determine the biomedical efficacy of nanocomposites against various diseases. Unfortunately, there has been inadequate investigation into green-assisted nanocomposites. Incorporating phytosynthesized nanocomposites in therapeutic interventions not only enhances healing processes but also augments the host's immune defenses against infections. This review highlights the phytosynthesis of nanocomposites and their various biomedical applications, including antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-cancer, and other applications, as well as their toxicity. This review also explores the mechanistic action of nanocomposites to achieve their designated tasks. Biogenic nanocomposites for multimodal imaging have the potential to exchange the conventional methods and materials in biomedical research. Well-designed nanocomposites have the potential to be utilized in various biomedical fields as innovative theranostic agents with the subsequent objective of efficiently diagnosing and treating a variety of human disorders.

Innovative synthesis and molecular modeling of actinomycetes-derived silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications

The rising demand for innovative antimicrobial solutions has shifted focus towards silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), especially those produced through eco-friendly methods. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing actinomycetes strains-Streptomyces albus, Micromonospora maris, and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes-to biosynthesize AgNPs with remarkable antibacterial properties. Through molecular characterization, we identified unique features of these nanoparticles, and computational modeling suggested significant ion-ligand interactions with proteins 6REV and 3K07. Our research highlights the promise of these biogenically synthesized nanoparticles in advancing biomedical applications. Actinomycetes were sourced and screened for their ability to produce metallic nanoparticles, revealing that among 35 samples, only six showed this capability. Notably, Streptomyces albus strain smmdk14 (OR685674), Micromonospora maris strain smmdk13 (OR685672), and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes strain smmdk12 (OR685674) were identified as effective silver nanoparticle producers. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against common pathogens including E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter spp. The data obtained from color change observation, UV-visible spectrophotometry, Zeta potential, FTIR spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized AgNPs potentiality. The nanoparticles were spherical, with sizes ranging from 6.46 nm to 24.7 nm. Optimization of production conditions, comparison of antimicrobial effects with antibiotics, evaluation of potential toxicity, and assessment of wound-healing capabilities were also conducted. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to traditional antibiotics and significantly accelerated wound healing by approximately 66.4 % in fibroblast cell cultures. Additionally, computational analysis predicted interactions between various metal ions and specific amino acid residues in proteins 6REV and 3K07. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful creation of AgNPs with notable antibacterial and wound-healing properties, underscoring their potential for medical applications.

The regulatory mechanisms of cerium oxide nanoparticles in oxidative stress and emerging applications in refractory wound care

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) have emerged as a potent therapeutic agent in the realm of wound healing, attributing their efficacy predominantly to their exceptional antioxidant properties. Mimicking the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, CeNPs alleviate oxidative stress and curtail the generation of inflammatory mediators, thus expediting the wound healing process. Their application spans various disease models, showcasing therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory responses and infections, particularly in oxidative stress-induced chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers, radiation-induced skin injuries, and psoriasis. Despite the promising advancements in laboratory studies, the clinical translation of CeNPs is challenged by several factors, including biocompatibility, toxicity, effective drug delivery, and the development of multifunctional compounds. Addressing these challenges necessitates advancements in CeNP synthesis and functionalization, novel nano delivery systems, and comprehensive bio effectiveness and safety evaluations. This paper reviews the progress of CeNPs in wound healing, highlighting their mechanisms, applications, challenges, and future perspectives in clinical therapeutics.

Bioinspired photocatalytic systems towards compartmentalized artificial photosynthesis

Artificial photosynthesis aims to produce fuels and chemicals from simple building blocks (i.e. water and carbon dioxide) using sunlight as energy source. Achieving effective photocatalytic systems necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that control the reactivity. This review underscores the growing interest in utilizing bioinspired artificial vesicles to develop compartmentalized photocatalytic systems. Herein, we summarize different scaffolds employed to develop artificial vesicles, and discuss recent examples where such systems are used to study pivotal processes of artificial photosynthesis, including light harvesting, charge transfer, and fuel production. These systems offer valuable lessons regarding the appropriate choice of membrane scaffolds, reaction partners and spatial arrangement to enhance photocatalytic activity, selectivity and efficiency. These studies highlight the pivotal role of the membrane to increase the stability of the immobilized reaction partners, generate a suitable local environment, and force proximity between electron donor and acceptor molecules (or catalysts and photosensitizers) to increase electron transfer rates. Overall, these findings pave the way for further development of bioinspired photocatalytic systems for compartmentalized artificial photosynthesis.