Synthesis, In Silico Study, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives

Designing a novel drug-drug conjugate as a prodrug for breast cancer therapy: in silico insights

Breast cancer (BC) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. The ribosomal s6 kinase 2 (RSK2) has emerged as a promising target due to its roles in cell proliferation and survival. This study proposes a drug-drug conjugate prodrug comprising Methotrexate (hydrophobic) and Capecitabine (hydrophilic) for BC treatment. In silico approaches, including Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, MM-PBSA, ADME, and DFT calculations were employed to evaluate the prodrug's potential. The designed MET-CAP ligand exhibits a robust docking score (-8.980 kcal/mol), superior binding affinity (-53.16 kcal/mol), and stable dynamic behavior (0.62 nm) compared to native ligands. The DFT results reveal intramolecular charge transfer in MET-CAP (HLG = 0.09 eV), indicating its potential as a BC inhibitor. ADME analysis suggests satisfactory pharmaceutically relevant properties. The results indicate that the conjugated MET-CAP ligand exhibits favorable binding characteristics, stability, and pharmaceutically relevant properties, making it a potential RSK2 inhibitor for BC therapy. The multifaceted approach provides insights into binding interactions, stability, and pharmacokinetic properties, laying the foundation for further experimental validation and potential clinical development.

L-proline H2SO4 catalyzed synthesis of novel coumarin-based spiroindolino-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones: in vitro cytotoxic assay and molecular docking study

Development of environmentally benign catalyst systems, especially those derived from readily available nature's pool, in multicomponent synthesis, consolidates multiple facets of green chemistry. Here, an L-proline derived green acid catalyst in the form of L-proline⋅H2SO4 was developed and employed for multicomponent synthesis of coumarin-based spiroindolino-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones from the reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin, isatin and urea/thiourea. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies showed that a couple of compounds (M5 and M6) have good cytotoxicity (40-50%) against in Dalton's Lymphoma (DL) cells while demonstrating minimal cytotoxicity (10-12%) for normal non-cancerous cell lines. Molecular docking simulations for the least and most cytotoxic compounds, M3 and M6 respectively, against nineteen tumor target proteins were carried out, and seven of them were identified to test against all the sixteen compounds. Based on the estimated docking score and inhibition constants (Ki), the interaction of the compounds with the tumor target protein, beta-hexosaminidase B (PDB ID: 1NOW) matched closely with in vitro cytotoxicity data.

Synergy trap for guardian angels of DNA: Unraveling the anticancer potential of phthalazinone-thiosemicarbazone hybrids through dual PARP-1 and TOPO-I inhibition

Targeting DNA repair, like PARP-1 and TOPO-I, shows promise in cancer therapy. However, resistance to single agents requires complex and costly combination strategies with significant side effects. Thus, there's an urgent need for single agents with dual inhibition. Current dual inhibitors focusing on the C-4 position of the phthalazinone core for PARP inhibition often have high molecular weights. Clinical use of PARP inhibitors is limited by hematological and other toxicities from concurrent PARP-2 inhibition. They're mainly effective in gynecological cancers, despite high PARP-1 and TOPO-I expression in various cancers. Moreover, their efficacy is limited to BRCA1-expressing breast cancer. In this study, we synthesized 27 dual inhibitors for PARP-1 and TOPO-I with molecular weights below 500 g/mol through hybridizing a phthalazinone core with a thiosemicarbazone linker. Among these, 6c demonstrated exceptional broad spectrum and potency against the NCI 60 cancer cell lines, with GI50 values from 1.65 to 5.63 µM. Notably, 6c exposed the highest PARP-1 inhibition (IC50 = 32.2 ± 3.26 nM) and a selectivity over PARP-2 (IC50 = 2844 ± 111 nM). Furthermore, 6c's inhibition of TOPO-I (IC50 = 46.2 ± 3.3 nM) surpassed the control camptothecin by eleven-fold. Mechanistically, 6c disrupted the cell cycle at the S phase, induced apoptosis, and displayed a favorable safety profile against normal cells. Compound 6c induced PARP trapping and synthetic lethality and showed high efficacy on BRCA1-expressing cell lines. So, decreasing the likelihood of cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Drug-likeness predictions and molecular modeling were also performed.

Discovery of a Highly Promising Disulfide Derivative Scaffold as Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

The main protease (Mpro) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) represents a promising target for antiviral drugs aimed at combating COVID-19. Consequently, the development of Mpro inhibitor is an ideal strategy for combating the virus. In this study, we identified twenty-two dithiocarbamates (1 a-h), dithiocarbamate-Cu(II) complexes (2 a-hCu) and disulfide derivatives (2 a-e, 2 i) as potent inhibitors of Mpro, with IC50 value range of 0.09-0.72, 0.9-24.7, and 15.1-111 μM, respectively, through FRET screening. The enzyme kinetics, inhibition mode, jump dilution, and DTT assay revealed that 1 g may be a partial reversible inhibitor, while 2 d and 2 f-Cu are the irreversible and dose- and time-dependent inhibitors, potentially covalently binding to the target. Binding of 2 d, 2 f-Cu, and 1 g to Mpro was found to decrease the stability of the protein. Additionally, DTT assays and thermal shift assays indicated that 2 f-Cu and 2 d are the nonspecific and promiscuous cysteine protease inhibitor. ICP-MS implied that the inhibitory activity of 2 f-Cu may stem from the uptake of Cu(II) by the enzyme. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that 2 d and 1 g exhibit low cytotoxicity, whereas 2 f-Cu show certain cytotoxicity in L929 cells. Overall, this work presents two promising scaffolds for the development of Mpro inhibitors to combat COVID-19.

Synthesis of 5-hydroxyisatin thiosemicarbazones, spectroscopic investigation, protein-ligand docking, and in vitro anticancer activity

A series of novel modifications were performed at the N(4) position of 5-hydroxyisatin thiosemicarbazone (TSC). The structure-activity approach is applied to design and synthesize derivatives by condensing thiosemicarbazides with 5-hydroxy isatin. The TSCs were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques viz. FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Vis, HRMS data, CHN elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Biological evaluation of the synthesized compounds revealed the anticancer potency of the TSC analogues against breast cancer (MD-AMD-231, MCF-7), lung cancer (A549, NCI-H460), prostate cancer (PC3), and skin cancer (A431). The molecules, L2, L3, and L6 showed activity in the micromolar range (IC50; 0.19-2.19 μM). L6 exhibited the highest potency against skin cancer A431 cell line, with an IC50 of 0.19 μM compared to 1.8 μM with triapine and showed low toxicity against PNT-2 cells with an SI index of >100 μM. The mechanistic study revealed that L6 inhibited cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and 3-dimensional spheroid formation by targeting the Ras/MAPK axis. It induced DNA damage and impaired DNA damage repair machinery, which led to the accumulation of DSB. Also, it lowered the ERK1/2 expression, which affected the caspase 3 activity and showed higher binding affinity compared to the FDA-approved drug Lenalidomide in molecular docking studies. Our findings demonstrated the possible future anticancer drug potency of L6 in the skin cancer A431 cells.

QSAR, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic analysis of thiosemicarbazone-indole compounds targeting prostate cancer cells

Objectives

By 2030, prostate cancer is estimated to account for 1.7 million new cases and 499,000 deaths. The objectives of this research were to create a model revealing the activity of thiosemicarbazone-indole compounds as anticancer agents against the PC3 cell line; perform docking analysis between the compounds and the target enzyme; and predict the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness of the compounds under investigation.

Methods

The quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) method was used to build the model; molecular docking between the compounds and the target enzyme was performed; and the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics of the inhibiting compounds was examined.

Results

The genetic function algorithm-multilinear regression approach was used for building the QSAR model. Build model 1 had the best performance, with R2 (coefficient of determination) = 0.972517, Radj (adjusted R-squared) = 0.964665, (CRp2) = 0.780922, and LOF (leave-one-out cross-validation) = 0.076524, demonstrated strongly indicated by the molecular descriptors. SHBd, SsCH3, JGI2, and RDF60P were highly dependent on proliferative activity. Compounds ID 7 and 22 had the potential to act as androgen receptor inhibitors, as suggested by molecular docking studies between the drugs and their target enzymes. Compounds ID 7 and 22 exhibited binding scores of -8.5 kcal/mol and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The approved maximum medication molecules for oral bioavailability included the molecules with IDs 7 and 22.

Conclusion

This research provides valuable insights into the relationships among molecular descriptors, potential inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic properties in the treatment of PC3. These findings may contribute to the understanding and potential development of new therapeutic options for prostate cancer patients.

Exploration of morpholine-thiophene hybrid thiosemicarbazones for the treatment of ureolytic bacterial infections via targeting urease enzyme: Synthesis, biochemical screening and computational analysis

An important component of the pathogenicity of potentially pathogenic bacteria in humans is the urease enzyme. In order to avoid the detrimental impact of ureolytic bacterial infections, the inhibition of urease enzyme appears to be an appealing approach. Therefore, in the current study, morpholine-thiophene hybrid thiosemicarbazone derivatives (5a-i) were designed, synthesized and characterized through FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A range of substituents including electron-rich, electron-deficient and inductively electron-withdrawing groups on the thiophene ring was successfully tolerated. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their potential to inhibit urease enzyme using the indophenol method. The majority of compounds were noticeably more potent than the conventional inhibitor, thiourea. The lead inhibitor, 2-(1-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)ethylidene)-N-(2-morpholinoethyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (5g) inhibited the urease in an uncompetitive manner with an IC50 value of 3.80 ± 1.9 µM. The findings of the docking studies demonstrated that compound 5g has a strong affinity for the urease active site. Significant docking scores and efficient binding free energies were displayed by the lead inhibitor. Finally, the ADME properties of lead inhibitor (5g) suggested the druglikeness behavior with zero violation.

Novel isatin-triazole based thiosemicarbazones as potential anticancer agents: synthesis, DFT and molecular docking studies

Thiosemicarbazones of isatin have been found to exhibit versatile bioactivities. In this study, two distinct types of isatin-triazole hybrids 3a and 3b were accessed via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), together with their mono and bis-thiosemicarbazone derivatives 4a-h and 5a-h. In addition to the characterization by physical, spectral and analytical data, a DFT study was carried out to obtain the optimized geometries of all thiosemicarbazones. The global reactivity values showed that among the synthesized derivatives, 4c, 4g and 5c having nitro substituents are the most soft compounds, with compound 5c having the highest electronegativity and electrophilicity index values among the synthesized series, thus possessing strong binding ability with biomolecules. Molecular docking studies were performed to explore the inhibitory ability of the selected compounds against the active sites of the anticancer protein of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Among the synthesized derivatives, 4-nitro substituted bisthiosemicarbazone 5c showed the highest binding energy of -10.3 kcal mol-1. These findings demonstrated that compound 5c could be used as a favored anticancer scaffold via the mechanism of inhibition against the PI3K signaling pathways.

PTSA-induced synthesis, in silico and nano study of novel ethylquinolin-thiazolo-triazole in cervical cancer

Aim: p-Toluenesulfonic acid-(PTSA) and grinding-induced novel synthesis of ethylquinolin-thiazolo-triazole derivatives was performed using green chemistry. Materials & methods: Development of a nanoconjugate drug-delivery system of ethylquinolin-thiazolo-triazole was carried out with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) and the formulation was further characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering and in vitro drug release assay. The effect of 3a nanoparticles was assessed against a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the effect on apoptosis was determined. Results & discussion: The 3a nanoparticles triggered the apoptotic mode of cell death after increasing the intracellular reactive oxygen level by enhancing cellular uptake of micelles. Furthermore, in silico studies revealed higher absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity properties and bioavailability of the enzyme tyrosine protein kinase. Conclusion: The 3a nanoparticles enhanced the therapeutic potential and have higher potential for targeted drug delivery against cervical cancer.

Steric Blockade of Oxy-Myoglobin Oxidation by Thiosemicarbazones: Structure-Activity Relationships of the Novel PPP4pT Series

The di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazones demonstrated marked anticancer efficacy, prompting progression of DpC to clinical trials. However, DpC induced deleterious oxy-myoglobin oxidation, stifling development. To address this, novel substituted phenyl thiosemicarbazone (PPP4pT) analogues and their Fe(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes were prepared. The PPP4pT analogues demonstrated potent antiproliferative activity (IC50: 0.009-0.066 μM), with the 1:1 Cu:L complexes showing the greatest efficacy. Substitutions leading to decreased redox potential of the PPP4pT:Cu(II) complexes were associated with higher antiproliferative activity, while increasing potential correlated with increased redox activity. Surprisingly, there was no correlation between redox activity and antiproliferative efficacy. The PPP4pT:Fe(III) complexes attenuated oxy-myoglobin oxidation significantly more than the clinically trialed thiosemicarbazones, Triapine, COTI-2, and DpC, or earlier thiosemicarbazone series. Incorporation of phenyl- and styryl-substituents led to steric blockade, preventing approach of the PPP4pT:Fe(III) complexes to the heme plane and its oxidation. The 1:1 Cu(II):PPP4pT complexes were inert to transmetalation and did not induce oxy-myoglobin oxidation.

Snake venom, a potential treatment for melanoma. A systematic review

Despite advances in treating patients with melanoma, there are still many treatment challenges to overcome. Studies with snake venom-derived proteins/peptides describe their binding potential, and inhibition of some proliferative mechanisms in melanoma. The combined use of these compounds with current therapies could be the strategic gap that will help us discover more effective treatments for melanoma. The present study aimed to carry out a systematic review identifying snake venom proteins and peptides described in the literature with antitumor, antimetastatic, or antiangiogenic effects on melanoma and determine the mechanisms of action that lead to these anti-tumor effects. Snake venoms contain proteins and peptides which are antiaggregant, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic. The in vivo results are encouraging, considering the reduction of metastases and tumor size after treatment. In addition to these results, it was reported that these venom compounds could act in combination with chemotherapeutics (Acurhagin-C; Macrovipecetin), sensitizing and preparing tumor cells for treatment. There is a consensus that snake venom is a promising strategy for the improvement of antimelanoma therapies, but it has been little explored in the current context, combined with inhibitors, immunotherapy or tumor microenvironment, for example. We suggest Lebein as a candidate for combination therapy with BRAF inhibitors.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetracycline Loaded Methionine-Coated NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Anticancer and Antibacterial Applications

In the present study, nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄)-based smart magnetic nanoparticles were fabricated and coated with methionine. Physiochemical characterization of the obtained Met-NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles revealed the presence of methionine coating over the nanoparticle surface. Drug release study indicated that Tet-Met-NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles possess pH-responsive controlled drug release behavior for tetracycline (Tet). The drug loading content for Tet was found to be 0.27 mg/L of nanoparticles. In vitro cytotoxicity test showed that the Met-NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles is biocompatible. Moreover, this magnetic nanostructured material shown strong anticancer property as these nanomaterials significantly reduced the viability of A375 cells when compared to free Tet solution. In addition, Tet-Met-NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles also showed strong antibacterial activity against different bacterial pathogens.

Hydroxamate and thiosemicarbazone: Two highly promising scaffolds for the development of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals

The emerging COVID-19 pandemic generated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has severely threatened human health. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is promising target for antiviral drugs, which plays a vital role for viral duplication. Development of the inhibitor against Mpro is an ideal strategy to combat COVID-19. In this work, twenty-three hydroxamates 1a-i and thiosemicarbazones 2a-n were identified by FRET screening to be the potent inhibitors of Mpro, which exhibited more than 94% (except 1c) and more than 69% inhibition, and an IC50 value in the range of 0.12-31.51 and 2.43-34.22 μM, respectively. 1a and 2b were found to be the most effective inhibitors in the hydroxamates and thiosemicarbazones, with an IC50 of 0.12 and 2.43 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics, jump dilution and thermal shift assays revealed that 2b is a competitive inhibitor of Mpro, while 1a is a time-dependently inhibitor; 2b reversibly but 1a irreversibly bound to the target; the binding of 2b increased but 1a decreased stability of the target, and DTT assays indicate that 1a is the promiscuous cysteine protease inhibitor. Cytotoxicity assays showed that 1a has low, but 2b has certain cytotoxicity on the mouse fibroblast cells (L929). Docking studies revealed that the benzyloxycarbonyl carbon of 1a formed thioester with Cys145, while the phenolic hydroxyl oxygen of 2b formed H-bonds with Cys145 and Asn142. This work provided two promising scaffolds for the development of Mpro inhibitors to combat COVID-19.