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Dervieux E, Théron M, Uhring W. Carbon Dioxide Sensing-Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:188. [PMID: 35009731 PMCID: PMC8749784 DOI: 10.3390/s22010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring in human subjects is of crucial importance in medical practice. Transcutaneous monitors based on the Stow-Severinghaus electrode make a good alternative to the painful and risky arterial "blood gases" sampling. Yet, such monitors are not only expensive, but also bulky and continuously drifting, requiring frequent recalibrations by trained medical staff. Aiming at finding alternatives, the full panel of CO2 measurement techniques is thoroughly reviewed. The physicochemical working principle of each sensing technique is given, as well as some typical merit criteria, advantages, and drawbacks. An overview of the main CO2 monitoring methods and sites routinely used in clinical practice is also provided, revealing their constraints and specificities. The reviewed CO2 sensing techniques are then evaluated in view of the latter clinical constraints and transcutaneous sensing coupled to a dye-based fluorescence CO2 sensing seems to offer the best potential for the development of a future non-invasive clinical CO2 monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dervieux
- BiOSENCY, 1137a Avenue des Champs Blancs, 35510 Cesson-Sévigné, France
| | - Michaël Théron
- ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France;
| | - Wilfried Uhring
- ICube, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, CEDEX, 67037 Strasbourg, France;
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Rodrigues RO, Sousa PC, Gaspar J, Bañobre-López M, Lima R, Minas G. Organ-on-a-Chip: A Preclinical Microfluidic Platform for the Progress of Nanomedicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003517. [PMID: 33236819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress achieved in nanomedicine during the last decade, the translation of new nanotechnology-based therapeutic systems into clinical applications has been slow, especially due to the lack of robust preclinical tissue culture platforms able to mimic the in vivo conditions found in the human body and to predict the performance and biotoxicity of the developed nanomaterials. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms are novel microfluidic tools that mimic complex human organ functions at the microscale level. These integrated microfluidic networks, with 3D tissue engineered models, have been shown high potential to reduce the discrepancies between the results derived from preclinical and clinical trials. However, there are many challenges that still need to be addressed, such as the integration of biosensor modules for long-time monitoring of different physicochemical and biochemical parameters. In this review, recent advances on OoC platforms, particularly on the preclinical validation of nanomaterials designed for cancer, as well as the current challenges and possible future directions for an end-use perspective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel O Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C Sousa
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - João Gaspar
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Nanomedicine Unit, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
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Sulpho-Salicylic Acid Grafted to Ferrite Nanoparticles for n-Type Organic Semiconductors. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091787. [PMID: 32916870 PMCID: PMC7557432 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A disadvantage of the use of pentacene and typical organic materials in electronics is that their precursors are toxic for manufacturers and the environment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an n-type non-toxic semiconductor for organic transistors that uses sulpho-salicylic acid—a stable, electron-donating compound with reduced toxicity—grafted on a ferrite core–shell and a green synthesis method. The micro-physical characterization indicated a good dispersion stability and homogeneity of the obtained nanofilms using the dip-coating technique. The in-situ electrical characterization was based on a point-contact transistor configuration, and the increase in the drain current as the positive gate voltage increased proved the functionality of the n-type semiconductor.
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