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Rossi D, Cartocci G, Inguscio BMS, Capitolino G, Borghini G, Di Flumeri G, Ronca V, Giorgi A, Vozzi A, Capotorto R, Babiloni F, Scorpecci A, Giannantonio S, Marsella P, Leone CA, Grassia R, Galletti F, Ciodaro F, Galletti C, Aricò P. Characterization of Cochlear Implant Artifact and Removal Based on Multi-Channel Wiener Filter in Unilateral Child Patients. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:753. [PMID: 39199711 PMCID: PMC11352012 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implants (CI) allow deaf patients to improve language perception and improving their emotional valence assessment. Electroencephalographic (EEG) measures were employed so far to improve CI programming reliability and to evaluate listening effort in auditory tasks, which are particularly useful in conditions when subjective evaluations are scarcely appliable or reliable. Unfortunately, the presence of CI on the scalp introduces an electrical artifact coupled to EEG signals that masks physiological features recorded by electrodes close to the site of implant. Currently, methods for CI artifact removal have been developed for very specific EEG montages or protocols, while others require many scalp electrodes. In this study, we propose a method based on the Multi-channel Wiener filter (MWF) to overcome those shortcomings. Nine children with unilateral CI and nine age-matched normal hearing children (control) participated in the study. EEG data were acquired on a relatively low number of electrodes (n = 16) during resting condition and during an auditory task. The obtained results obtained allowed to characterize CI artifact on the affected electrode and to significantly reduce, if not remove it through MWF filtering. Moreover, the results indicate, by comparing the two sample populations, that the EEG data loss is minimal in CI users after filtering, and that data maintain EEG physiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (B.M.S.I.); (G.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Giulia Cartocci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (B.M.S.I.); (G.B.); (G.D.F.)
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Bianca M. S. Inguscio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (B.M.S.I.); (G.B.); (G.D.F.)
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Giulia Capitolino
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Borghini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (B.M.S.I.); (G.B.); (G.D.F.)
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Gianluca Di Flumeri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (B.M.S.I.); (G.B.); (G.D.F.)
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Alessia Vozzi
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Rossella Capotorto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Alessandro Scorpecci
- Audiology and Otosurgery Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Pediatric Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (S.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Sara Giannantonio
- Audiology and Otosurgery Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Pediatric Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (S.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Pasquale Marsella
- Audiology and Otosurgery Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Pediatric Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (S.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Carlo Antonio Leone
- Department of Otolaringology Head-Neck Surgery, Monaldi Hospital, Via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.A.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Rosa Grassia
- Department of Otolaringology Head-Neck Surgery, Monaldi Hospital, Via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.A.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Francesco Galletti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (F.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Francesco Ciodaro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (F.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Cosimo Galletti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (F.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Pietro Aricò
- BrainSigns srl, Via Tirso 14, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (A.V.); (F.B.)
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Inguscio BMS, Rossi D, Giliberto G, Vozzi A, Borghini G, Babiloni F, Greco A, Attanasio G, Cartocci G. Bridging the Gap between Psychophysiological and Audiological Factors in the Assessment of Tinnitus: An EEG Investigation in the Beta Band. Brain Sci 2024; 14:570. [PMID: 38928570 PMCID: PMC11202302 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite substantial progress in investigating its psychophysical complexity, tinnitus remains a scientific and clinical enigma. The present study, through an ecological and multidisciplinary approach, aims to identify associations between electroencephalographic (EEG) and psycho-audiological variables. METHODS EEG beta activity, often related to stress and anxiety, was acquired from 12 tinnitus patients (TIN group) and 7 controls (CONT group) during an audio cognitive task and at rest. We also investigated psychological (SCL-90-R; STAI-Y; BFI-10) and audiological (THI; TQ12-I; Hyperacusis) variables using non-parametric statistics to assess differences and relationships between and within groups. RESULTS In the TIN group, frontal beta activity positively correlated with hyperacusis, parietal activity, and trait anxiety; the latter is also associated with depression in CONT. Significant differences in paranoid ideation and openness were found between groups. CONCLUSIONS The connection between anxiety trait, beta activity in the fronto-parietal cortices and hyperacusis provides insights into brain functioning in tinnitus patients, offering quantitative descriptions for clinicians and new multidisciplinary treatment hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Serena Inguscio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.M.S.I.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.B.); (F.B.)
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Dario Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.M.S.I.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.B.); (F.B.)
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Giliberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.M.S.I.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.B.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Gianluca Borghini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.M.S.I.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.B.); (F.B.)
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.M.S.I.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.B.); (F.B.)
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Giulia Cartocci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.M.S.I.); (D.R.); (G.G.); (G.B.); (F.B.)
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy;
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Inguscio BMS, Cartocci G, Sciaraffa N, Nicastri M, Giallini I, Aricò P, Greco A, Babiloni F, Mancini P. Two are better than one: Differences in cortical EEG patterns during auditory and visual verbal working memory processing between Unilateral and Bilateral Cochlear Implanted children. Hear Res 2024; 446:109007. [PMID: 38608331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite the proven effectiveness of cochlear implant (CI) in the hearing restoration of deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, to date, extreme variability in verbal working memory (VWM) abilities is observed in both unilateral and bilateral CI user children (CIs). Although clinical experience has long observed deficits in this fundamental executive function in CIs, the cause to date is still unknown. Here, we have set out to investigate differences in brain functioning regarding the impact of monaural and binaural listening in CIs compared with normal hearing (NH) peers during a three-level difficulty n-back task undertaken in two sensory modalities (auditory and visual). The objective of this pioneering study was to identify electroencephalographic (EEG) marker pattern differences in visual and auditory VWM performances in CIs compared to NH peers and possible differences between unilateral cochlear implant (UCI) and bilateral cochlear implant (BCI) users. The main results revealed differences in theta and gamma EEG bands. Compared with hearing controls and BCIs, UCIs showed hypoactivation of theta in the frontal area during the most complex condition of the auditory task and a correlation of the same activation with VWM performance. Hypoactivation in theta was also observed, again for UCIs, in the left hemisphere when compared to BCIs and in the gamma band in UCIs compared to both BCIs and NHs. For the latter two, a correlation was found between left hemispheric gamma oscillation and performance in the audio task. These findings, discussed in the light of recent research, suggest that unilateral CI is deficient in supporting auditory VWM in DHH. At the same time, bilateral CI would allow the DHH child to approach the VWM benchmark for NH children. The present study suggests the possible effectiveness of EEG in supporting, through a targeted approach, the diagnosis and rehabilitation of VWM in DHH children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Serena Inguscio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy; BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, Rome 00198, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cartocci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy; BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, Rome 00198, Italy
| | | | - Maria Nicastri
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 31, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giallini
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 31, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Pietro Aricò
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy; BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, Rome 00198, Italy; Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering "Antonio Ruberti", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 125, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 31, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy; BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, Rome 00198, Italy; Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 31, Rome 00161, Italy
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Li G, Lu C, Li S, Kang L, Li Q, Bai M, Xiong P. Correlation study of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, EEG γ activity and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148561. [PMID: 37657750 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is characterised by neurotrophic, neuroelectrophysiological and cognitive dysfunction. However, there exists a paucity of research examining the association between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration, resting electroencephalogram (EEG) gamma activity, and cognitive impairment in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHODS In this study, 87 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 75 healthy controls were assessed. Measurements were conducted to determine the levels of BDNF, resting EEG γ-activity at left and right frontal pole EEG electrodes respectively (FP1/FP2) leads, and cognitive function as assessed by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Comparisons were made between the patient group and the control group, revealing lower BDNF levels, lower T-scores for 7 MCCB cognitive items, and higher EEG γ-activity among patients when compared to controls. RESULTS According to the correlation analysis, there were significant associations observed in the patient group. BDNF levels were found to be correlated with EEG γ activity as well as T-scores of speed of processing (SoP), verbal learning (VeL), and reasoning problem-solving (RPS). Moreover, EEG γ activity showed an association with both the total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and T-score of SoP. These findings suggest a potential relationship between BDNF levels, EEG γ activity, cognitive domains, and clinical symptoms in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the coexistence of neurobiochemical and electrophysiological abnormalities alongside cognitive dysfunction during the early stages of schizophrenia. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. By highlighting the simultaneous occurrence of these factors, our study contributes to a better understanding of the complex nature of schizophrenia and emphasizes the importance of studying its cognitive aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China; Department of Psychiatry, Yunnan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 733, Chuanjin Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650225, China
| | - Cailian Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Meiyan Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China; Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, No. 295, Xichang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
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Cartocci G, Inguscio BMS, Giliberto G, Vozzi A, Giorgi A, Greco A, Babiloni F, Attanasio G. Listening Effort in Tinnitus: A Pilot Study Employing a Light EEG Headset and Skin Conductance Assessment during the Listening to a Continuous Speech Stimulus under Different SNR Conditions. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1084. [PMID: 37509014 PMCID: PMC10377270 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background noise elicits listening effort. What else is tinnitus if not an endogenous background noise? From such reasoning, we hypothesized the occurrence of increased listening effort in tinnitus patients during listening tasks. Such a hypothesis was tested by investigating some indices of listening effort through electroencephalographic and skin conductance, particularly parietal and frontal alpha and electrodermal activity (EDA). Furthermore, tinnitus distress questionnaires (THI and TQ12-I) were employed. Parietal alpha values were positively correlated to TQ12-I scores, and both were negatively correlated to EDA; Pre-stimulus frontal alpha correlated with the THI score in our pilot study; finally, results showed a general trend of increased frontal alpha activity in the tinnitus group in comparison to the control group. Parietal alpha during the listening to stimuli, positively correlated to the TQ12-I, appears to reflect a higher listening effort in tinnitus patients and the perception of tinnitus symptoms. The negative correlation between both listening effort (parietal alpha) and tinnitus symptoms perception (TQ12-I scores) with EDA levels could be explained by a less responsive sympathetic nervous system to prepare the body to expend increased energy during the "fight or flight" response, due to pauperization of energy from tinnitus perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cartocci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Research and Development, BrainSigns Ltd., 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Serena Inguscio
- Department of Research and Development, BrainSigns Ltd., 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Giliberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Vozzi
- Department of Research and Development, BrainSigns Ltd., 00198 Rome, Italy
- SAIMLAL Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Department of Research and Development, BrainSigns Ltd., 00198 Rome, Italy
- SAIMLAL Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Research and Development, BrainSigns Ltd., 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China
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Giorgi A, Menicocci S, Forte M, Ferrara V, Mingione M, Alaimo Di Loro P, Inguscio BMS, Ferrara S, Babiloni F, Vozzi A, Ronca V, Cartocci G. Virtual and Reality: A Neurophysiological Pilot Study of the Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040635. [PMID: 37190600 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Art experience is not solely the observation of artistic objects, but great relevance is also placed on the environment in which the art experience takes place, often in museums and galleries. Interestingly, in the last few years, the introduction of some forms of virtual reality (VR) in museum contexts has been increasing. This has solicited enormous research interest in investigating any eventual differences between looking at the same artifact either in a real context (e.g. a museum) and in VR. To address such a target, a neuroaesthetic study was performed in which electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic signals (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded during the observation of the Etruscan artifact "Sarcophagus of the Spouses", both in the museum and in a VR reproduction. Results from EEG analysis showed a higher level of the Workload Index during observation in the museum compared to VR (p = 0.04), while the Approach-Withdrawal Index highlighted increased levels during the observation in VR compared to the observation in the museum (p = 0.03). Concerning autonomic indices, the museum elicited a higher Emotional Index response than the VR (p = 0.03). Overall, preliminary results suggest a higher engagement potential of the museum compared to VR, although VR could also favour higher embodiment than the museum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giorgi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, SAIMLAL Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Menicocci
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of Classical Studies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Vincenza Ferrara
- Art and Medical Humanities Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Mingione
- Department of Political Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00145 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Alaimo Di Loro
- Department of Law, Economics, Politics and Modern Languages, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA), 00192 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Serena Inguscio
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Alessia Vozzi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, SAIMLAL Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering "Antonio Ruberti", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cartocci
- BrainSigns Ltd., 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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