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Willman J, Kurian AL, Lucke-Wold B. Mechanisms of vascular injury in neurotrauma: A critical review of the literature. World J Meta-Anal 2024; 12:95417. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v12.i3.95417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
One in every two individuals will experience a traumatic brain injury in their lifetime with significant impacts on the global economy and healthcare system each year. Neurovascular injury is a key aspect of neurotrauma to both the brain and the spinal cord and an important avenue of current and future research seeking innovative therapies. In this paper, we discuss primary and secondary neurotrauma, mechanisms of injury, the glymphatic system, repair and recovery. Each of these topics are directly connected to the vasculature of the central nervous system, affecting severity of injury and recovery. Consequently, neurovascular injury in trauma represents a promising target for future therapeutics and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Annu Lisa Kurian
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, United States
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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Pepping N, Weinborn M, Pestell CF, Preece DA, Malkani M, Moore S, Gross JJ, Becerra R. Improving emotion regulation ability after brain injury: A systematic review of targeted interventions. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024:1-41. [PMID: 39230344 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2024.2398029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation is a common sequela after a brain injury, and it can have serious negative consequences for individuals, families, and the community. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify and evaluate interventions designed to improve emotion regulation ability in adults with acquired brain injury. Studies were identified on ProQuest, PsycInfo, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science; last searched on 3 August 2023. A review protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020218175). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (version 2). Sixteen studies were included in the review comprising one case series, five pilot studies, four pre-post studies, and six RCTs. There was a total of 652 participants across studies. Fourteen of the sixteen studies reported statistically significant improvements in at least one emotional functioning variable. Ten studies reported medium-large effect sizes. Limitations included inconsistency in the measurement, reporting of intervention outcomes and processes. Future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pepping
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Carmela F Pestell
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A Preece
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maya Malkani
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Sammy Moore
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Becerra
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Cardile D, Calderone A, Pagano M, Cappadona I, Rifici C, Quartarone A, Corallo F, Calabrò RS. Coping Strategies in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury: A Scoping Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:784. [PMID: 39199477 PMCID: PMC11352637 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been marked interest in looking at the psychological consequences of medical conditions, such as traumatic or acquired brain injuries. Coping strategies are essential for clinical recovery and for dealing with the stressful events that a clinical condition brings with it. The purpose of this review is to analyze studies that explore how coping strategies influence psychological changes in patients with acquired brain injury. Studies were identified from research in the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. According to our findings, patients with ABI utilize different coping strategies based on the circumstances and factors such as the diagnosis severity, their age, time lived with the pathology, and personal characteristics, which have an influence on quality of life and rehabilitation. This review demonstrated that coping strategies have an impact on different aspects of the clinical and personal lives of patients with ABI. The rehabilitation process must consider the influence of these mechanisms on dealing with situations, as they can change cognitive and emotional perceptions of patients' experience with the disease, as well as laying the foundations for functional or dysfunction in terms of the propensity of a person for the path of psychological and physical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Corallo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Culicetto L, Giustiniani A, Lo Buono V, Cazzato V, Falzone A, Vicario CM, Quartarone A, Marino S. From real to virtual prism adaptation therapy: a systematic review on benefits and challenges of a new potential rehabilitation approach. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1391711. [PMID: 38966730 PMCID: PMC11222640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1391711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Prism adaptation (PA) is a sensorimotor technique that has been shown to alleviate neglect symptoms. Due to its demonstrated functional effectiveness, PA has recently been implemented in virtual reality environments. However, research on virtual prism adaptation (VPA) is limited and it lacks a standardized methodological approach. It is crucial to investigate whether VPA can be effective in inducing traditional effect of PA and to have potential utility in a rehabilitation context. Clarifying this aspect would allow the use of VPA in a wider range of contexts and neurological disorders, with the additional opportunity to overcome PA traditional limits. The aim of the present study is to revise current literature on VPA in both healthy individuals and patients highlighting also its advantages and limitations. Studies performed between 2013 and 2023 and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were searched on three electronic databases, by combining the terms "Virtual prism adaptation" and "Virtual prism adaptation therapy. Out of 123 articles, only 16 met the inclusion criteria. The current literature review suggests that VPA may serve as a potentially useful tool for inducing visuomotor adaptation, with most studies conducted in healthy individuals. The high variability in the methodologies observed among studies suggests that more standardized approaches are needed to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptation and aftereffects when PA is administered in a virtual environment. Future studies should also address practical applications and clinical efficacy of VPA, particularly in patients with spatial neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valentina Cazzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Falzone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Mario Vicario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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De Luca R, Calderone A, Gangemi A, Rifici C, Bonanno M, Maggio MG, Cappadona I, Veneziani I, Ielo A, Corallo F, Quartarone A, Cardile D, Calabrò RS. Is Virtual Reality Orientation Therapy Useful to Optimize Cognitive and Behavioral Functioning Following Severe Acquired Brain Injury? An Exploratory Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38790389 PMCID: PMC11119343 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe acquired brain injury (SABI) is a leading cause of death and disability, and it is defined as a brain injury that occurs after birth due to traumatic or non-traumatic causes. Reality orientation therapy (ROT) uses repeated time-place-person orientation and meaningful stimuli to develop a better understanding of the environment and has great potential as an effective strategy to improve cognitive and behavioral functioning. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the feasibility and potential effects of virtual reality orientation therapy (VR-rot) on optimizing cognitive and behavioral functioning and depressive symptoms post-SABI. METHOD Forty patients with SABI were enrolled from October 2022 to December 2023 and divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG, n = 20) received VR_rot, while the control group (CG, n = 20) received standard ROT (S_rot). All patients were evaluated with a psychometric battery, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS-D), administered before (T0) and after the end (T1) of rehabilitation. RESULTS Within-group comparisons indicated a statistically significant change in MMSE scores from T0 to T1 in the EG and CG, with the EG showing a greater improvement than the CG. Regarding HRS-D scores, the EG showed a statistically significant change. VR-ROT could be a valuable tool for improving cognitive-behavioral functioning in SABI patients. CONCLUSIONS The VRRS can help reduce depressive symptoms and improve the reality orientation deficit caused by traumatic brain injury and stroke on brain tissue. This study highlights the benefits of virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria De Luca
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Calderone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Gangemi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Rifici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Mirjam Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maggio
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Cappadona
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Isabella Veneziani
- Department of Nervous System and Behavioural Sciences, Psychology Section, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta, 11, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Augusto Ielo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Corallo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Cardile
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Gangemi A, De Luca R, Fabio RA, Lauria P, Rifici C, Pollicino P, Marra A, Olivo A, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS. Effects of Virtual Reality Cognitive Training on Neuroplasticity: A Quasi-Randomized Clinical Trial in Patients with Stroke. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3225. [PMID: 38137446 PMCID: PMC10740852 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR) is a therapeutic approach designed to improve cognitive functioning after a brain injury, including stroke. Two major categories of techniques, namely traditional and advanced (including virtual reality-VR), are widely used in CR for patients with various neurological disorders. More objective outcome measures are needed to better investigate cognitive recovery after a stroke. In the last ten years, the application of electroencephalography (EEG) as a non-invasive and portable neuroimaging method has been explored to extract the hallmarks of neuroplasticity induced by VR rehabilitation approaches, particularly within the chronic stroke population. The aim of this study is to investigate the neurophysiological effects of CR conducted in a virtual environment using the VRRS device. Thirty patients with moderate-to-severe ischemic stroke in the chronic phase (at least 6 months after the event), with a mean age of 58.13 (±8.33) for the experimental group and 57.33 (±11.06) for the control group, were enrolled. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, receiving neurocognitive stimulation using VR and the same amount of conventional neurorehabilitation, respectively. To study neuroplasticity changes after the training, we focused on the power band spectra of theta, alpha, and beta EEG rhythms in both groups. We observed that when VR technology was employed to amplify the effects of treatments on cognitive recovery, significant EEG-related neural improvements were detected in the primary motor circuit in terms of power spectral density and time-frequency domains. Indeed, EEG analysis suggested that VR resulted in a significant increase in both the alpha band power in the occipital areas and the beta band power in the frontal areas, while no significant variations were observed in the theta band power. Our data suggest the potential effectiveness of a VR-based rehabilitation approach in promoting neuroplastic changes even in the chronic phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gangemi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Rosaria De Luca
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Economics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Paola Lauria
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Carmela Rifici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Patrizia Pollicino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Angela Marra
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Antonella Olivo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, S.S. 113, Cda Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (R.D.L.); (P.L.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.Q.)
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Bonanno M, Calabrò RS. Bridging the Gap between Basic Research and Clinical Practice: The Growing Role of Translational Neurorehabilitation. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:45. [PMID: 37623809 PMCID: PMC10456256 DOI: 10.3390/medicines10080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Translational neuroscience is intended as a holistic approach in the field of brain disorders, starting from the basic research of cerebral morphology and with the function of implementing it into clinical practice. This concept can be applied to the rehabilitation field to promote promising results that positively influence the patient's quality of life. The last decades have seen great scientific and technological improvements in the field of neurorehabilitation. In this paper, we discuss the main issues related to translational neurorehabilitation, from basic research to current clinical practice, and we also suggest possible future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejox”, Via Palermo, SS 113, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy;
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Torregrossa W, Torrisi M, De Luca R, Casella C, Rifici C, Bonanno M, Calabrò RS. Neuropsychological Assessment in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Review with Clinical Recommendations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1991. [PMID: 37509630 PMCID: PMC10376996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is damage to the brain occurring after birth, often resulting in the deterioration of cognitive, behavioural, and emotional functions. Neuropsychological evaluation can assist clinicians to better assess the patient's clinical condition, reach differential diagnoses, and develop interventional strategies. However, considering the multiple rating scales available, it is not easy to establish which tool is most suitable for the different brain injury conditions. The aim of this review is to investigate and describe the most used neurocognitive assessment tools in patients with traumatic brain injury to provide clinicians with clear indications on their use in clinical practice. Indeed, during the acute phase, after the head trauma, alertness and wakefulness of the patients affected by a disorder of consciousness can be assessed using different scales, such as the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised. In both postacute and chronic phases after traumatic brain injury, general cognitive assessment tools (such as the Mini Mental State Examination) or more specific cognitive tests (e.g., Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Trail Making Test) could be administered according to the patient's functional status. In this way, clinicians may be aware of the patient's neuropsychological and cognitive level, so they can guarantee a personalized and tailored rehabilitation approach in this frail patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Torregrossa
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo Cda Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Torrisi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo Cda Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria De Luca
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo Cda Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Casella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine "AOU Policlinico G. Martino", University Hospital "G. Martino", 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Rifici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo Cda Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Mirjam Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo Cda Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Via Palermo Cda Casazza, SS113, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Macchitella L, Amendola S, Barraco G, Scoditti S, Gallo I, Oliva MC, Trabacca A. A narrative review of the use of a cutting-edge virtual reality rehabilitation technology in neurological and neuropsychological rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 53:439-457. [PMID: 38143388 PMCID: PMC10789333 DOI: 10.3233/nre-230066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) interventions have been increasingly used in the rehabilitation of a wide range of neurological and neuropsychological dysfunctions. Findings of previous reviews showed positive and promising effects of VR-based interventions. However, they summarized findings on VR-based intervention carried out through different VR systems and tasks. OBJECTIVE We carried out a narrative review with the aim of qualitatively synthesising the results of previous studies that used specific VR systems, i.e. the Khymeia -Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System, for treatment purposes. METHODS We searched the literature in various databases (i.e. EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed and PubMed Central) for studies published until November 23, 2023. RESULTS 30 studies were selected. The VRRS was used for neuromotor rehabilitation only in 13 studies, for cognitive rehabilitation in 11 studies, and for both neuromotor and cognitive rehabilitation in six studies. The study design was heterogeneous including 15 randomised controlled trials. CONCLUSION After discussing each study according to the type of rehabilitation we concluded that the use and efficacy of VRRS rehabilitative intervention for increasing the neurological and neuropsychological functioning of patients are promising but more evidence is needed to make a comparison with conventional treatment. Future studies should also include long-term follow-up as well as cost-effectiveness analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Macchitella
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Simone Amendola
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Giulia Barraco
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Sara Scoditti
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Ivana Gallo
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Oliva
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
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