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Ruiz-Parra E, Manzano-García G, Mediavilla R, Rodríguez-Vega B, Lahera G, Moreno-Pérez AI, Torres-Cantero AM, Rodado-Martínez J, Bilbao A, González-Torres MÁ. The Spanish version of the reflective functioning questionnaire: Validity data in the general population and individuals with personality disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0274378. [PMID: 37023214 PMCID: PMC10079014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mentalization or reflective functioning (RF) is the capacity to interpret oneself or the others in terms of internal mental states. Its failures have been linked to several mental disorders and interventions improving RF have a therapeutic effect. Mentalizing capacity of the parents influences the children's attachment. The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) is a widely used tool for the assessment of RF. No instrument is available to assess general RF in Spanish-speaking samples. The aim of this study is to develop a Spanish version of the RFQ-8 and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the general population and in individuals with personality disorders. METHODS 602 non-clinical and 41 personality disordered participants completed a Spanish translation of the RFQ and a battery of self-reported questionnaires assessing several RF related constructs (alexithymia, perspective taking, identity diffusion and mindfulness), psychopathology (general and specific) and interpersonal problems. Temporal stability was tested in a non-clinical sub-sample of 113 participants. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a one-factor structure in the Spanish version of the RFQ-8. RFQ-8 understood as a single scale was tested, with low scorings reflecting genuine mentalizing, and high scorings uncertainty. The questionnaire showed good internal consistence in both samples and moderate temporal stability in non-clinical sample. RFQ correlated significantly with identity diffusion, alexithymia, and general psychopathology in both samples; and with mindfulness, perspective taking, and interpersonal problems in clinical sample. Mean values of the scale were significantly higher in the clinical group. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence that the Spanish version of the RFQ-8, understood as a single scale, has an adequate reliability and validity assessing failures in reflective functioning (i.e., hypomentalization) in general population and personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-Parra
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Mediavilla
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rodríguez-Vega
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Mental Health, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Lahera
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M. Torres-Cantero
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Rodado-Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amaia Bilbao
- Research Unit, Basurto University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Health Service Research Network on Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain
- Kronikgune Institute for Health Services Research, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Torres
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Liu J, Gao Z, Liu C, Liu T, Gao J, Cai Y, Fan X. Alteration of Gut Microbiota: New Strategy for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:792490. [PMID: 35309933 PMCID: PMC8929512 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.792490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a complex heterogeneous disorder and characterized by stereotyped behavior and deficits in communication and social interactions. The emerging microbial knowledge has pointed to a potential link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and ASD. Evidence from animal and human studies showed that shifts in composition and activity of the gut microbiota may causally contribute to the etiopathogenesis of core symptoms in the ASD individuals with gastrointestinal tract disturbances and act on microbiota-gut-brain. In this review, we summarized the characterized gut bacterial composition of ASD and the involvement of gut microbiota and their metabolites in the onset and progression of ASD; the possible underlying mechanisms are also highlighted. Given this correlation, we also provide an overview of the microbial-based therapeutic interventions such as probiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation therapy, and dietary interventions and address their potential benefits on behavioral symptoms of ASD. The precise contribution of altering gut microbiome to treating core symptoms in the ASD needs to be further clarified. It seemed to open up promising avenues to develop microbial-based therapies in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5th of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhanyuan Gao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5th of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Battalion 5th of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Cai, ; Xiaotang Fan,
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Cai, ; Xiaotang Fan,
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Peñuelas-Calvo I, Sareen A, Porras-Segovia A, Cegla-Schvatzman FB, Fernandez-Berrocal P. The Association Between Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test Performance and Intelligence Quotient in Children and Adolescents With Asperger Syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:642799. [PMID: 33854452 PMCID: PMC8039142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been an extensive debate about a potential association between intelligence and social cognition. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between social cognition as measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) and intelligence as measured with the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) in children and adolescents diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome (AS). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 84 children diagnosed with AS aged 6-16 years (mean = 11.64; standard deviation = 2.75; 92.9% males). We analyzed the association between RMET performance and WISC-IV total score as well as the association between RMET performance and each of the four WISC-IV indexes (processing speed index, PSI; working memory index, WMI; perceptual reasoning index, PRI, and verbal comprehension index, VCI). Results: We found a positive correlation between RMET performance and full-scale intelligence quotient (r = 0.340; p < 0.01), VCI (r = 0.310; p < 0.01), PRI (r = 0.401; p < 0.01), and WMI (r = 0.292; p < 0.01). In the linear regression model, age was a significant predictor of RMET score (β = 0.409; p < 0.001) as was PRI (β = 0.309; p = 0.019). Conclusion: Our results suggest that intelligence quotient positively influences RMET performance, indicating that intelligence increases social cognition in individuals diagnosed with AS. However, weak-to-moderate size effects were found. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms underlying the disturbance of social cognition in children and adolescents diagnosed with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Peñuelas-Calvo
- Departamento de Psiquiatría Infantojuvenil, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aditya Sareen
- Bronxcare Health System, New York, NY, United States
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Vetri L, Roccella M. On the Playing Field to Improve: A Goal for Autism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110585. [PMID: 33143343 PMCID: PMC7693132 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a renewed attention to lifestyle-based interventions in people with autism spectrum disorder. The positive effects of physical exercise programs have been well documented both in healthy people and in people with disabilities in the fields of psychological well-being, cognitive outcome and medical health. There is much less evidence about the opportunity to attempt a team-group sport for people with autism. Although researchers seem to suggest an overall positive effect, playing team sports for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) means dealing with difficulties in social interactions and limitations in motor functions. This narrative review aims to report studies about the effects, improvements and difficulties that people with autism have to face when they play the world’s most popular team sport: soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vetri
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3286434126
| | - Michele Roccella
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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