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Roy L, Roy A, Bose D, Banerjee N, Chatterjee S. Unraveling the structural aspects of the G-quadruplex in SMO promoter and elucidating its contribution in transcriptional regulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37878583 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We located a 25 nt G-rich sequence in the promoter region of SMO oncogene. We performed an array of biophysical and biochemical assays and confirmed the formation of a parallel G quadruplex (SMO1-GQ) by the identified sequence. SMO1-GQ is highly conserved in primates. For a comprehensive characterization of the SMO quadruplex structure, we have performed spectroscopic and in silico analysis with established GQ binder small molecules TMPyP4 and BRACO-19. We observed comparatively higher stable interaction of BRACO-19 with SMO1-GQ. Structure-based, rational drug design against SMO1-GQ to target SMO oncogene requires a detailed molecular anatomy of the G-quadruplex. We structurally characterised the SMO1-GQ using DMS footprinting assay and molecular modelling, docking, and MD simulation to identify the probable atomic regions that interact with either of the small molecules. We further investigated SMO1-GQ in vivo by performing chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. ChIP data revealed that this gene element functions as a scaffold for a number of transcription factors: specificity protein (Sp1), nucleolin (NCL), non-metastatic cell 2 (NM23-H2), cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP), and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) which reflects the SMO1-P1 G-quadruplex to be the master regulator of SMO1 transcriptional activity. The strong binding interaction detected between SMO1-GQ and BRACO-19 contemplates the potential of the G quadruplex as a promising anti-cancer druggable target to downregulate SMO1 oncogene driven cancers.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laboni Roy
- Department of Biological Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Roy
- Department of Biological Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopriya Bose
- Department of Biological Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilanjan Banerjee
- Department of Biological Science, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Ji W, Niu X, Yu Y, Li Z, Gu L, Lu S. SMO mutation predicts the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor: From NSCLC to multiple cancers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955800. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is one of the most promising breakthroughs for the treatment of multiple cancer types, but responses vary. Growing evidence points to a link between developmental signaling pathway-related genes and antitumor immunity, but the association between the genomic alterations in these genes and the response to ICIs still needs to be elucidated.MethodsClinical data and sequencing data from published studies and our cohort were collected to analyze the association of the mutation status of SMO with the efficacy of ICI therapy in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cohort and the pan-cancer cohort. Furthermore, the correlation between SMO mutation and immunotherapeutic biomarkers such as immune cell infiltration, immune-related genes, and underlying signaling pathways was analyzed. Three SMO mutant plasmids were transfected into cells to explore the SMO mutation status in the context of its expression and cell growth.ResultIn the NSCLC discovery cohort, the median progression-free survival in the SMO mutant (SMO_MUT) was longer than that in the wild type (SMO_WT) (23.0 vs. 3.8 months, adjusted p = 0.041). This finding was further confirmed in the NSCLC validation cohort (8.7 vs. 5.1 months, adjusted p = 0.013). In the pan-cancer cohort (n = 1,347), a significant overall survival advantage was observed in patients with SMO mutations [not reached (NR) vs. 18 months, adjusted p = 0.024]. In the subgroup analysis, the survival advantage of SMO_MUT against SMO_WT was prominent and consistent across genders, ages, treatment types, cancer types, and the tumor mutation burden (TMB) status (all pinteraction > 0.05). In an in vitro experiment, we found that both the mutant and wild-type plasmids can promote the expression of SMO, but the mutant plasmid had lower SMO mRNA and protein levels than the wild type. In CCK-8 experiments, we found that SMO_MUT plasmids can improve the growth of Calu-1 and PC-9 cells, but this capability varied between different mutations and cells. Upon further exploration, the SMO mutation status was found to be related to a higher TMB, more neoantigen load, more DNA damage repair (DDR) mutations, higher microsatellite instability (MSI) score, and higher CD8+ T-cell infiltration.ConclusionsThe SMO mutation status is an independent prognostic factor that can be used to predict better clinical outcomes of ICI treatment across multiple cancer types.
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Morii A, Inazu T. HDAC8 is implicated in embryoid body formation via canonical Hedgehog signaling and regulates neuronal differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 629:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kit OI, Pushkin AA, Alliluyev IA, Timoshkina NN, Gvaldin DY, Rostorguev EE, Kuznetsova NS. Differential expression of microRNAs targeting genes associated with the development of high-grade gliomas. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Highly malignant high-grade gliomas are tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). They are solid tumors arising from transformed cells of the brain and/or the spinal cord. In recent years, the expression of genes and regulating miRNAs in glial brain tumors has been actively studied. The present study is devoted to assessing the expression levels of miR-215-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-107, miR-324-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-155. -5p, miR-21-5p, miR-497-5p, miR-330-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-92a-1-5p, miR-326 and target genes EGFR, SMAD4, SMAD7, SMO, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, HIF1A, EGLIN1/3, KDM1B, KDM1A, MSI1, MSI2, TET1 in high-grade glioma tissues.
Results
As a result of the analysis of the levels of relative expression of the studied genes, there are significant changes (p < 0.05) in tumor tissue for genes: EGFR, SMAD4, SMAD7, SMO, HIF1A, EGLN1/3. We obtained data on a significant change (p < 0.05) in the levels of relative expression for microRNA: hsa-miR-215-5p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-326. Data on the association of overall survival in patients with high-grade glioma and the level of relative expression of the EGFR and HIF1A genes were obtained. The obtained data demonstrate the association of overall survival of patients with high-grade glioma and the level of relative expression of EGFR, HIF1A and hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-107 and hsa-miR-330-3p.
Conclusions
The obtained data on the expression of genes and microRNAs expand the understanding of the biology of the development of high-grade glial tumors. These data demonstrate new potential therapeutic and prognostic goals in high-grade gliomas.
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Qiu X, Chen H, Feng D, Dong W. [G-protein coupled receptor Smo positively regulates proliferation and migration of adult neural stem cells in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1588-1592. [PMID: 34755677 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) in regulating proliferation and migration of adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Cultured ANSCs were treated with purmorphamine (PM, an agonist of Smo) or cyclopamine (CPM, an inhibitor of Smo), and the changes in cell proliferation migration abilities were assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and wound healing assay, respectively. The mRNA expressions of membrane receptor Patched 1 (Ptch1), Smo, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1), axon guidance cue slit1 (Slit1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the treated cells were detected using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS PM significantly promoted the proliferation (P < 0.01) and migration of ANSCs (P < 0.01), and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of Ptch1, Smo, Gli1, Slit1 and BDNF. Treatment with CPM significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of ANSCs. CONCLUSION Modulating Smo activity can positively regulate the proliferation and migration of ANSCs possibly by regulating the expressions of BDNF and Slit1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qiu
- Experiment Teaching and Administration Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - D Feng
- Institute of Oncology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - W Dong
- Experiment Teaching and Administration Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Chai JY, Sugumar V, Alshawsh MA, Wong WF, Arya A, Chong PP, Looi CY. The Role of Smoothened-Dependent and -Independent Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1188. [PMID: 34572373 PMCID: PMC8466551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) signaling pathway is highly conserved among mammals, with crucial roles in regulating embryonic development as well as in cancer initiation and progression. The GLI transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) are effectors of the Hh pathway and are regulated via Smoothened (SMO)-dependent and SMO-independent mechanisms. The SMO-dependent route involves the common Hh-PTCH-SMO axis, and mutations or transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation at these levels lead to the constitutive activation of GLI transcription factors. Conversely, the SMO-independent route involves the SMO bypass regulation of GLI transcription factors by external signaling pathways and their interacting proteins or by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of GLI transcription factors expression. Both routes of GLI activation, when dysregulated, have been heavily implicated in tumorigenesis of many known cancers, making them important targets for cancer treatment. Hence, this review describes the various SMO-dependent and SMO-independent routes of GLI regulation in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers in order to provide a holistic view of the paradigms of hedgehog signaling networks involving GLI regulation. An in-depth understanding of the complex interplay between GLI and various signaling elements could help inspire new therapeutic breakthroughs for the treatment of Hh-GLI-dependent cancers in the future. Lastly, we have presented an up-to-date summary of the latest findings concerning the use of Hh inhibitors in clinical developmental studies and discussed the challenges, perspectives, and possible directions regarding the use of SMO/GLI inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
| | - Vaisnevee Sugumar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | | | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Building 184, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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