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Keshavarz A, Salehi A, Khosravi S, Shariati Y, Nasrabadi N, Kahrizi MS, Maghsoodi S, Mardi A, Azizi R, Jamali S, Fotovat F. Recent findings on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered immune cell therapy in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:482. [PMID: 36153626 PMCID: PMC9509604 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in adoptive cell therapy over the last four decades have revealed various new therapeutic strategies, such as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which are dedicated immune cells that are engineered and administered to eliminate cancer cells. In this context, CAR T-cells have shown significant promise in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, many obstacles limit the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Consequently, CAR-NK and CAR-M cell therapies have recently emerged as novel therapeutic options for addressing the challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapies. Currently, many CAR immune cell trials are underway in various human malignancies around the world to improve antitumor activity and reduce the toxicity of CAR immune cell therapy. This review will describe the comprehensive literature of recent findings on CAR immune cell therapy in a wide range of human malignancies, as well as the challenges that have emerged in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salehi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University,, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Setareh Khosravi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yasaman Shariati
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Navid Nasrabadi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Sairan Maghsoodi
- Department of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramyar Azizi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Jamali
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Farnoush Fotovat
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Engineering off-the-shelf universal CAR T cells: A silver lining in the cloud. Cytokine 2022; 156:155920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Griffin JM, Healy FM, Dahal LN, Floisand Y, Woolley JF. Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35590415 PMCID: PMC9118867 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioning of the bone marrow prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplant is essential in eradicating the primary cause of disease, facilitating donor cell engraftment and avoiding transplant rejection via immunosuppression. Standard conditioning regimens, typically comprising chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, have proven successful in bone marrow clearance but are also associated with severe toxicities and high incidence of treatment-related mortality. Antibody-based conditioning is a developing field which, thus far, has largely shown an improved toxicity profile in experimental models and improved transplant outcomes, compared to traditional conditioning. Most antibody-based conditioning therapies involve monoclonal/naked antibodies, such as alemtuzumab for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis and rituximab for Epstein–Barr virus prophylaxis, which are both in Phase II trials for inclusion in conditioning regimens. Nevertheless, alternative immune-based therapies, including antibody–drug conjugates, radio-labelled antibodies and CAR-T cells, are showing promise in a conditioning setting. Here, we analyse the current status of antibody-based drugs in pre-transplant conditioning regimens and assess their potential in the future of transplant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona M Healy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yngvar Floisand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Cerqueira OLD, Antunes F, Assis NG, Cardoso EC, Clavijo-Salomón MA, Domingues AC, Tessarollo NG, Strauss BE. Perspectives for Combining Viral Oncolysis With Additional Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777775. [PMID: 35495634 PMCID: PMC9048901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer with steadily increasing incidence worldwide during the last few decades. In addition to its tumor associated antigens (TAAs), melanoma has a high mutation rate compared to other tumors, which promotes the appearance of tumor specific antigens (TSAs) as well as increased lymphocytic infiltration, inviting the use of therapeutic tools that evoke new or restore pre-existing immune responses. Innovative therapeutic proposals, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have emerged as effective options for melanoma. However, a significant portion of these patients relapse and become refractory to treatment. Likewise, strategies using viral vectors, replicative or not, have garnered confidence and approval by different regulatory agencies around the world. It is possible that further success of immune therapies against melanoma will come from synergistic combinations of different approaches. In this review we outline molecular features inherent to melanoma and how this supports the use of viral oncolysis and immunotherapies when used as monotherapies or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Luiz Dutra Cerqueira
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine G Assis
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Clavijo-Salomón
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Domingues
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara G Tessarollo
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bryan E Strauss,
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Kedmi M, Shouval R, Fried S, Bomze D, Fein J, Cohen Z, Danilesko I, Shem-Tov N, Yerushalmi R, Jacoby E, Besser M, Shimoni A, Nagler A, Avigdor A. Point-of-care anti-CD19 CAR T-cells for treatment of relapsed and refractory aggressive B cell lymphoma. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:251-257. [PMID: 35218999 PMCID: PMC9519531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed the care of relapsed & refractory aggressive B cell Lymphoma. However, financial toxicity and manufacturing time represent barriers to its widespread implementation. OBJECTIVE Study applicability, toxicity, and efficacy of a locally produced autologous CD19-directed CAR-T cell product. METHODS We performed a phase 1b/2 clinical trial with a point-of-care (POC) CAR T-cell product that contains a CD28 costimulatory domain. Adult patients with aggressive B cell lymphoma or transformed low-grade lymphoma who received at least two prior regimens were eligible. RESULTS A total of 73 patients, with a median age of 49 years, met inclusion criteria. CAR-T production time from apheresis was 10 days (IQR 10-11), negating the need for bridging chemotherapy. Overall and complete response rates were 62.5% and 37.5%. Median progression-free and overall survival were 3.7 and 12.1 months, respectively. Overall and progression-free survival at 12 months were 52.1% (CI: 40.8%-66.5%) and 40% (CI: 30%-53.7%), respectively. Patients who achieved response had longer progression-free and overall survival. Grade 3-4 CRS was observed in 9.5% of the patients, and ICANS grade 3-4 in 21.9%. No deaths occurred due to CAR T-cell toxicity. Fifteen patients (20%) underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation at a median time of 60 days post CAR T-cell therapy; 8 were alive at last follow-up. Of the six patients that underwent the transplant in complete response 2 deceased due to toxicity. CONCLUSIONS POC CAR-T cells are a feasible therapeutic option in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. They provide good efficacy while minimizing production time and the need for bridging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Kedmi
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
| | - Roni Shouval
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shalev Fried
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - David Bomze
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joshua Fein
- University of Connecticut Medical Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Zachary Cohen
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ivetta Danilesko
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Noga Shem-Tov
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ronit Yerushalmi
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Elad Jacoby
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Besser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv; Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Avichai Shimoni
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Abraham Avigdor
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Arzi B, Webb TL, Koch TG, Volk SW, Betts DH, Watts A, Goodrich L, Kallos MS, Kol A. Cell Therapy in Veterinary Medicine as a Proof-of-Concept for Human Therapies: Perspectives From the North American Veterinary Regenerative Medicine Association. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:779109. [PMID: 34917671 PMCID: PMC8669438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.779109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the potential to translate scientific discoveries in the area of regenerative therapeutics in veterinary species to novel, effective human therapies has gained interest from the scientific and public domains. Translational research using a One Health approach provides a fundamental link between basic biomedical research and medical clinical practice, with the goal of developing strategies for curing or preventing disease and ameliorating pain and suffering in companion animals and humans alike. Veterinary clinical trials in client-owned companion animals affected with naturally occurring, spontaneous disease can inform human clinical trials and significantly improve their outcomes. Innovative cell therapies are an area of rapid development that can benefit from non-traditional and clinically relevant animal models of disease. This manuscript outlines cell types and therapeutic applications that are currently being investigated in companion animals that are affected by naturally occurring diseases. We further discuss how such investigations impact translational efforts into the human medical field, including a critical evaluation of their benefits and shortcomings. Here, leaders in the field of veterinary regenerative medicine argue that experience gained through the use of cell therapies in companion animals with naturally occurring diseases represent a unique and under-utilized resource that could serve as a critical bridge between laboratory/preclinical models and successful human clinical trials through a One-Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tracy L Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Thomas G Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Susan W Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ashlee Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Texas A&M University, Killeen, TX, United States
| | - Laurie Goodrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amir Kol
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Huguet M, Raimond V, Kaltenbach E, Augusto V, Perrier L. How much does the hospital stay for infusion of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells cost to the French National Health Insurance? Bull Cancer 2021; 108:1170-1180. [PMID: 34561025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T cells) have the potential to be a major innovation as a new type of cancer treatment, but are associated with extremely high prices and a high level of uncertainty. This study aims to assess the cost of the hospital stay for the administration of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells in France. Data were collected from the French Medical Information Systems Program (PMSI) and all hospital stays associated with an administrated drug encoded 9439938 (tisagenlecleucel, Kymriah®) or 9440456 (axicabtagene ciloleucel, Yescarta®) between January 2019 and December 2020 were included. 485 hospital stays associated with an injection of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells were identified, of which 44 (9%), 139 (28.7%), and 302 (62.3%) were for tisagenlecleucel in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), tisagenlecleucel in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and axicabtagene ciloleucel respectively. The lengths of the stays were 37.9, 23.8, and 25.9 days for tisagenlecleucel in ALL, tisagenlecleucel in DLBCL, and axicabtagene ciloleucel, respectively. The mean costs per hospital stay were € 372,400 for a tisagenlecleucel in ALL, € 342,903 for tisagenlecleucel in DLBCL, and € 366,562 for axicabtagene ciloleucel. CAR T-cells represented more than 80% of these costs. n=13 hospitals performed CAR-T cell injections, with two hospitals accounting for more than 50% of the total number of injections. This study provides original data in a context of limited information regarding the costs of hospitalization for patients undergoing CAR-T cell treatments. In addition to the financial burden, distance may also be an important barrier for accessing CAR T-cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Huguet
- Mines Saint-Étienne, université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6158 LIMOS, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France; Université Lyon, centre Léon-Bérard, GATE L-SE UMR 5824, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Raimond
- Haute Autorité de santé, Department of Economic and Public Health Evaluation, 93200 Saint Denis, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kaltenbach
- Haute Autorité de santé, Department of Economic and Public Health Evaluation, 93200 Saint Denis, France
| | - Vincent Augusto
- Mines Saint-Étienne, université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6158 LIMOS, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Lionel Perrier
- Université Lyon, centre Léon-Bérard, GATE L-SE UMR 5824, 69008 Lyon, France; Human and Social Science Department, centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; Haute Autorité de santé, Committee for Economic and Public Health Evaluation, 93200 Saint Denis, France.
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Maanaoui M, Kerr-Conte J. Pushing the boundaries of organs before it's too late: pre-emptive regeneration. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1761-1769. [PMID: 34532871 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is marked by accelerated aging and inexorable fibrosis. It is crucial to promote strategies to attenuate, or to reverse, damage before organ failure. Hence, the objective of this article is to provide insight into strategies, which aim to regenerate or rejuvenate the transplanted organs. Cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells is currently under investigation because of their antifibrotic properties. Their ability to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, and to transfer mitochondria to wounded cells, is another approach to boost the organ regeneration. Other teams have investigated bioengineered organs, which consists of decellularization of the damaged organ followed by recellularization. Lastly, the development of CAR-T cell-based technologies may revolutionize the field of transplantation, as recent preclinical studies showed that CAR-T cells could efficiently clear senescent cells from an organ and reverse fibrosis. Ultimately, these cutting-edge strategies may bring the holy grail of a pre-emptive regenerated organ closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Maanaoui
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1190 - EGID, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1190 - EGID, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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Mazzi MT, Hajdu KL, Ribeiro PR, Bonamino MH. CAR-T cells leave the comfort zone: current and future applications beyond cancer. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2020; 1:ltaa006. [PMID: 36284896 PMCID: PMC9585679 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy represents a breakthrough in the immunotherapy field and has achieved great success following its approval in 2017 for the treatment of B cell malignancies. While CAR-T cells are mostly applied as anti-tumor therapy in the present, their initial concept was aimed at a more general purpose of targeting membrane antigens, thus translating in many potential applications. Since then, several studies have assessed the use of CAR-T cells toward non-malignant pathologies such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases and, more recently, cardiac fibrosis, and cellular senescence. In this review, we present the main findings and implications of CAR-based therapies for non-malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Torres Mazzi
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karina Lôbo Hajdu
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Rafaela Ribeiro
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martín Hernán Bonamino
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Vice - Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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