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Baban B, Eklund D, Tuerxun K, Alshamari M, Laviano A, Ljungqvist O, Särndahl E. Altered insulin sensitivity and immune function in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:193-200. [PMID: 38057005 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Insulin resistance and chronic inflammation have been reported in patients with cancer. However, many of the underlying mechanisms and associations are yet to be unveiled. We examined both the level of insulin sensitivity and markers of inflammation in patients with colorectal cancer for comparison to controls. METHODS Clinical exploratory study of patients with colorectal cancer (n = 20) and matched controls (n = 10). Insulin sensitivity was quantified using the hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp and blood samples were taken for quantification of several key, both intra- and extracellular, inflammatory markers. We analysed the differences in these parameters between the two groups. RESULTS Patients exhibited both insulin resistance (M-value, patients median (Mdn) 4.57 interquartile range (IQR) 3.49-5.75; controls Mdn 5.79 (IQR 5.20-6.81), p = 0.049), as well as increased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (patients Mdn 0.48 (IQR 0.33-0.58); controls Mdn 0.36 (IQR 0.29-0.42), p = 0.02) and IL-6 (patients Mdn 3.21 (IQR 2.31-4.93); controls Mdn 2.16 (IQR 1.50-2.65), p = 0.02). The latter is present despite an almost two to three fold decrease (p < 0.01) in caspase-1 activity, a facilitating enzyme of IL-1β production, within circulating immune cells. CONCLUSION Patients with colorectal cancer displayed insulin resistance and higher levels of plasma IL-1β and IL-6, in comparison to matched healthy controls. The finding of a seemingly disconnect between inflammasome (caspase-1) activity and plasma levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer patients may suggest that, in parallel to dysregulated immune cells, tumour-driven inflammatory pathways also are in effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayar Baban
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Eklund
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kedeye Tuerxun
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Muhammed Alshamari
- School of Medical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Örebro University & Örebro University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Olle Ljungqvist
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Mui M, Clark M, Vu TMSH, Clemons N, Hollande F, Roth S, Ramsay R, Michael M, Heriot AG, Kong JCH. Use of patient-derived explants as a preclinical model for precision medicine in colorectal cancer: A scoping review. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2023; 408:392. [PMID: 37816905 PMCID: PMC10564805 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-023-03133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whilst the treatment paradigm for colorectal cancer has evolved significantly over time, there is still a lack of reliable biomarkers of treatment response. Treatment decisions are based on high-risk features such as advanced TNM stage and histology. The role of the tumour microenvironment, which can influence tumour progression and treatment response, has generated considerable interest. Patient-derived explant cultures allow preservation of native tissue architecture and tumour microenvironment. The aim of the scoping review is to evaluate the utility of patient-derived explant cultures as a preclinical model in colorectal cancer. METHODS A search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases from start of database records to September 1, 2022. We included all peer-reviewed human studies in English language which used patient-derived explants as a preclinical model in primary colorectal cancer. Eligible studies were grouped into the following categories: assessing model feasibility; exploring tumour microenvironment; assessing ex vivo drug responses; discovering and validating biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 60 studies were eligible. Fourteen studies demonstrated feasibility of using patient-derived explants as a preclinical model. Ten studies explored the tumour microenvironment. Thirty-eight studies assessed ex vivo drug responses of chemotherapy agents and targeted therapies. Twenty-four studies identified potential biomarkers of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Given the preservation of tumour microenvironment and tumour heterogeneity, patient-derived explants has the potential to identify reliable biomarkers, treatment resistance mechanisms, and novel therapeutic agents. Further validation studies are required to characterise, refine and standardise this preclinical model before it can become a part of precision medicine in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Mui
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Molly Clark
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamara M S H Vu
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Clemons
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Roth
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Ramsay
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Michael
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander G Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph C H Kong
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Janho Dit Hreich S, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. The Role of IL-18 in P2RX7-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119235. [PMID: 37298187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide despite the variety of treatments that are currently used. This is due to an innate or acquired resistance to therapy that encourages the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance. This review will focus on the role of the purinergic receptor P2RX7 in the control of tumor growth, through its ability to modulate antitumor immunity by releasing IL-18. In particular, we describe how the ATP-induced receptor activities (cationic exchange, large pore opening and NLRP3 inflammasome activation) modulate immune cell functions. Furthermore, we recapitulate our current knowledge of the production of IL-18 downstream of P2RX7 activation and how IL-18 controls the fate of tumor growth. Finally, the potential of targeting the P2RX7/IL-18 pathway in combination with classical immunotherapies to fight cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Janho Dit Hreich
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06108 Nice, France
- IHU RespirEREA, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- IHU RespirEREA, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, 06108 Nice, France
- Hospital-Related Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Valérie Vouret-Craviari
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06108 Nice, France
- IHU RespirEREA, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice, France
- FHU OncoAge, 06108 Nice, France
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Yuan H, Gui R, Wang Z, Fang F, Zhao H. Gut microbiota: A novel and potential target for radioimmunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128774. [PMID: 36798129 PMCID: PMC9927011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers, with a high mortality rate, and is a major burden on human health worldwide. Gut microbiota regulate human immunity and metabolism through producing numerous metabolites, which act as signaling molecules and substrates for metabolic reactions in various biological processes. The importance of host-gut microbiota interactions in immunometabolic mechanisms in CRC is increasingly recognized, and interest in modulating the microbiota to improve patient's response to therapy has been raising. However, the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota interact with immunotherapy and radiotherapy remain incongruent. Here we review recent advances and discuss the feasibility of gut microbiota as a regulatory target to enhance the immunogenicity of CRC, improve the radiosensitivity of colorectal tumor cells and ameliorate complications such as radiotoxicity. Currently, great breakthroughs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and others have been achieved by radioimmunotherapy, but radioimmunotherapy alone has not been effective in CRC patients. By summarizing the recent preclinical and clinical evidence and considering regulatory roles played by microflora in the gut, such as anti-tumor immunity, we discuss the potential of targeting gut microbiota to enhance the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy in CRC and expect this review can provide references and fresh ideas for the clinical application of this novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,National Health Commission (NHC) Key laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,National Health Commission (NHC) Key laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Fang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Fang Fang, ; Hongguang Zhao,
| | - Hongguang Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Fang Fang, ; Hongguang Zhao,
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Inflammatory Cytokines Associated with Diagnosis, Tumor Grade and Prognosis in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206191. [PMID: 36294509 PMCID: PMC9604855 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Inflammatory cytokines represent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in manifold cancers. Recent data suggest a pivotal role of these cytokines in different biological processes involved in the development of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However, their role as biomarkers in NETs is only poorly understood. Methods: We analyzed serum concentrations of 13 inflammation-related cytokines at different time points in 43 patients with well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic NETs (G1/G2) treated at Charité Berlin and compared them to 40 healthy controls. The results were correlated with clinical records. Results: Serum concentrations (Median (Interquartile Range (IQR)) in pg/mL) of IL-1β (124 (82) vs. 68 (61) pg/mL; p = 0.0003), IL-6 (111(122) vs. 88 (32) pg/mL; p = 0.0086), IL-8 (1058 (768) vs. 210 (90) pg/mL; p < 0.0001), IL-18 (2936 (1723) vs. 1590 (704) pg/mL; p < 0.0001), and TNF (271 (260) vs. 42 (25) pg/mL; p < 0.0001) were significantly elevated in NET patients, whereas IL-10 (43 (44) vs. 105 (48) pg/mL; p < 0.0001) showed lower concentrations in NETs when compared to controls. Cytokine levels significantly correlated with tumor grade (IL-6; p = 0.0070), prevalence of distant metastasis (IL-18; p = 0.0313), and disease progression over time (IL-10; p = 0.0033) but not tumor location. Chromogranin A (CgA) and the NETest are currently used to monitor treatment response. A more accurate prediction could possibly be achieved by employing a subset of cytokines. Our data clearly warrants further functional investigation into the role of the immune response and cytokine release in NETs. Conclusion: A biologically plausible panel of cytokines might be added to the diagnostic and prognostic tools currently employed in patients with NETs. Combining different markers into a score would elevate diagnostic accuracy compared to single markers.
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Vafaei S, Taheri H, Hajimomeni Y, Fakhre Yaseri A, Abolhasani Zadeh F. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in colorectal cancer: potential therapeutic target. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1881-1889. [PMID: 35689136 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All phases of carcinogenesis are affected by inflammation. Activation of the inflammasome is a crucial signaling mechanism that leads to acute and chronic inflammation. When specific nucleotide-binding domains, leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) are activated, inflammasomes are formed. The NLRP3 is one of the NLR family members with the most functional characterization. NLRP3 can modulate the immune systems, apoptosis, growth, and/or the gut microbiome to impact cancer development. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers, and it begins as a tissue overgrowth on the internal part of the rectum or colon. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that the NLRP3 inflammasome has a role in CRC development due to its broad activity in shaping immune responses. Here, onwards, we focus on the NLRP3 inflammasome role in CRC development, as well as the therapeutic prospective of modifying NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Taheri
- Internal Medicine Cellular and Molecular, Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Fellowship of GI in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hajimomeni
- Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Qeshm International Branch, Qeshm, Iran
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Xing C, Du Y, Duan T, Nim K, Chu J, Wang HY, Wang RF. Interaction between microbiota and immunity and its implication in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963819. [PMID: 35967333 PMCID: PMC9373904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world. Besides genetic causes, colonic inflammation is one of the major risk factors for CRC development, which is synergistically regulated by multiple components, including innate and adaptive immune cells, cytokine signaling, and microbiota. The complex interaction between CRC and the gut microbiome has emerged as an important area of current CRC research. Metagenomic profiling has identified a number of prominent CRC-associated bacteria that are enriched in CRC patients, linking the microbiota composition to colitis and cancer development. Some microbiota species have been reported to promote colitis and CRC development in preclinical models, while a few others are identified as immune modulators to induce potent protective immunity against colitis and CRC. Mechanistically, microbiota regulates the activation of different immune cell populations, inflammation, and CRC via crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), type I interferon, and inflammasome. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential interactions between gut microbiota and host immunity and how their crosstalk could synergistically regulate inflammation and CRC, thus highlighting the potential roles and mechanisms of gut microbiota in the development of microbiota-based therapies to prevent or alleviate colitis and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kelly Nim
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junjun Chu
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Inflammasomes and Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092172. [PMID: 34571825 PMCID: PMC8467678 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are important intracellular multiprotein signaling complexes that modulate the activation of caspase-1 and induce levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in response to pathogenic microorganisms and molecules that originated from host proteins. Inflammasomes play contradictory roles in the development of inflammation-induced cancers. Based on several findings, inflammasomes can initiate and promote carcinogenesis. On the contrary, inflammasomes also exhibit anticancer effects by triggering pyroptosis and immunoregulatory functions. Herein, we review extant studies delving into different functions of inflammasomes in colorectal cancer development.
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