1
|
Dabin J, Giacomini G, Petit E, Polo SE. New facets in the chromatin-based regulation of genome maintenance. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 140:103702. [PMID: 38878564 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity by DNA damage response machineries is key to protect cells against pathological development. In cell nuclei, these genome maintenance machineries operate in the context of chromatin, where the DNA wraps around histone proteins. Here, we review recent findings illustrating how the chromatin substrate modulates genome maintenance mechanisms, focusing on the regulatory role of histone variants and post-translational modifications. In particular, we discuss how the pre-existing chromatin landscape impacts DNA damage formation and guides DNA repair pathway choice, and how DNA damage-induced chromatin alterations control DNA damage signaling and repair, and DNA damage segregation through cell divisions. We also highlight that pathological alterations of histone proteins may trigger genome instability by impairing chromosome segregation and DNA repair, thus defining new oncogenic mechanisms and opening up therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Dabin
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Giacomini
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Petit
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie E Polo
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin B, Lu G, Chen X, Zheng C, Lin H, Liu Q, Shang J, Feng G. H2B oncohistones cause homologous recombination defect and genomic instability through reducing H2B monoubiquitination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107345. [PMID: 38718864 PMCID: PMC11167522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical oncohistones are histone H3 mutations in the N-terminal tail associated with tumors and affect gene expression by altering H3 post-translational modifications (PTMs) and the epigenetic landscape. Noncanonical oncohistone mutations occur in both tails and globular domains of all four core histones and alter gene expression by perturbing chromatin remodeling. However, the effects and mechanisms of noncanonical oncohistones remain largely unknown. Here we characterized 16 noncanonical H2B oncohistones in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We found that seven of them exhibited temperature sensitivities and 11 exhibited genotoxic sensitivities. A detailed study of two of these onco-mutants H2BG52D and H2BP102L revealed that they were defective in homologous recombination (HR) repair with compromised histone eviction and Rad51 recruitment. Interestingly, their genotoxic sensitivities and HR defects were rescued by the inactivation of the H2BK119 deubiquitination function of Ubp8 in the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex. The levels of H2BK119 monoubiquitination (H2Bub) in the H2BG52D and H2BP102L mutants are reduced in global genome and at local DNA break sites presumably due to enhanced recruitment of Ubp8 onto nucleosomes and are recovered upon loss of H2B deubiquitination function of the SAGA complex. Moreover, H2BG52D and H2BP102L heterozygotes exhibit genotoxic sensitivities and reduced H2Bub in cis. We therefore conclude that H2BG52D and H2BP102L oncohistones affect HR repair and genome stability via the reduction of H2Bub and propose that other noncanonical oncohistones may also affect histone PTMs to cause diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangchun Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenhua Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huanteng Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjie Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giacomini G, Piquet S, Chevallier O, Dabin J, Bai SK, Kim B, Siddaway R, Raught B, Coyaud E, Shan CM, Reid RJD, Toda T, Rothstein R, Barra V, Wilhelm T, Hamadat S, Bertin C, Crane A, Dubois F, Forne I, Imhof A, Bandopadhayay P, Beroukhim R, Naim V, Jia S, Hawkins C, Rondinelli B, Polo SE. Aberrant DNA repair reveals a vulnerability in histone H3.3-mutant brain tumors. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2372-2388. [PMID: 38214234 PMCID: PMC10954481 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are devastating and incurable brain tumors with recurrent mutations in histone H3.3. These mutations promote oncogenesis by dysregulating gene expression through alterations of histone modifications. We identify aberrant DNA repair as an independent mechanism, which fosters genome instability in H3.3 mutant pHGG, and opens new therapeutic options. The two most frequent H3.3 mutations in pHGG, K27M and G34R, drive aberrant repair of replication-associated damage by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Aberrant NHEJ is mediated by the DNA repair enzyme polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP), which shows increased association with mutant H3.3 at damaged replication forks. PNKP sustains the proliferation of cells bearing H3.3 mutations, thus conferring a molecular vulnerability, specific to mutant cells, with potential for therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giacomini
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, CNRS/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Piquet
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, CNRS/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Odile Chevallier
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, CNRS/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Dabin
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, CNRS/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Siau-Kun Bai
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, CNRS/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Byungjin Kim
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Siddaway
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Chun-Min Shan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Robert J D Reid
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takenori Toda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rodney Rothstein
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Viviana Barra
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Therese Wilhelm
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Sabah Hamadat
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Chloé Bertin
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexander Crane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Frank Dubois
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Ignasi Forne
- Protein Analysis Unit, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Protein Analysis Unit, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Valeria Naim
- CNRS UMR9019 Genome Integrity and Cancers, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Songtao Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sophie E Polo
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, CNRS/Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pinto LM, Pailas A, Bondarchenko M, Sharma AB, Neumann K, Rizzo AJ, Jeanty C, Nicot N, Racca C, Graham MK, Naughton C, Liu Y, Chen CL, Meakin PJ, Gilbert N, Britton S, Meeker AK, Heaphy CM, Larminat F, Van Dyck E. DAXX promotes centromeric stability independently of ATRX by preventing the accumulation of R-loop-induced DNA double-stranded breaks. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1136-1155. [PMID: 38038252 PMCID: PMC10853780 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining chromatin integrity at the repetitive non-coding DNA sequences underlying centromeres is crucial to prevent replicative stress, DNA breaks and genomic instability. The concerted action of transcriptional repressors, chromatin remodelling complexes and epigenetic factors controls transcription and chromatin structure in these regions. The histone chaperone complex ATRX/DAXX is involved in the establishment and maintenance of centromeric chromatin through the deposition of the histone variant H3.3. ATRX and DAXX have also evolved mutually-independent functions in transcription and chromatin dynamics. Here, using paediatric glioma and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines, we identify a novel ATRX-independent function for DAXX in promoting genome stability by preventing transcription-associated R-loop accumulation and DNA double-strand break formation at centromeres. This function of DAXX required its interaction with histone H3.3 but was independent of H3.3 deposition and did not reflect a role in the repression of centromeric transcription. DAXX depletion mobilized BRCA1 at centromeres, in line with BRCA1 role in counteracting centromeric R-loop accumulation. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms protecting the human genome from chromosomal instability, as well as potential perspectives in the treatment of cancers with DAXX alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia M Pinto
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexandros Pailas
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Max Bondarchenko
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Abhishek Bharadwaj Sharma
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Katrin Neumann
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anthony J Rizzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Céline Jeanty
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- Translational Medicine Operations Hub, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Carine Racca
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mindy K Graham
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Catherine Naughton
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 1QY, UK
| | - Yaqun Liu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3244, Dynamics of Genetic Information, Sorbonne Université, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3244, Dynamics of Genetic Information, Sorbonne Université, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nick Gilbert
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 1QY, UK
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Florence Larminat
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Association of RNA m 7G Modification Gene Polymorphisms with Pediatric Glioma Risk. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:3678327. [PMID: 36733406 PMCID: PMC9889142 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3678327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioma stemming from glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in childhood. The genetic predisposition of glioma is not fully understood. METTL1-WDR4 methyltransferase complex is implicated in tumorigenesis by catalyzing N7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification of RNA. This study is aimed at determining the association of glioma risk with three polymorphisms (rs2291617, rs10877013, and rs10877012) in METTL1 and five polymorphisms (rs2156315 rs2156316, rs6586250, rs15736, and rs2248490) in WDR4 gene in children of Chinese Han. We enrolled 314 cases and 380 controls from three independent hospitals. Genotypes of these polymorphisms were determined using the TaqMan assay. We found the WDR4 gene rs15736 was significantly associated with reduced glioma risk (GA/AA vs. GG: adjusted odds ratio = 0.63, 95%confidence interval = 0.42 - 0.94, P = 0.023) out of the eight studied polymorphisms. Stratified analyses showed that the association of rs15736 with the risk of glioma remained significant in children aged 60 months or older, girls, the subgroups with astrocytic tumors, or grade I + II glioma. We also found the combined effects of five WDR4 gene polymorphisms on glioma risk. Finally, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses elucidated that the rs15736 polymorphism was related to the expression level of WDR4 and neighboring gene cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS). Our finding provided evidence of a causal association between WDR4 gene polymorphisms and glioma susceptibility in Chinese Han children.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yadav P, Ambudkar SV, Rajendra Prasad N. Emerging nanotechnology-based therapeutics to combat multidrug-resistant cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:423. [PMID: 36153528 PMCID: PMC9509578 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer often develops multidrug resistance (MDR) when cancer cells become resistant to numerous structurally and functionally different chemotherapeutic agents. MDR is considered one of the principal reasons for the failure of many forms of clinical chemotherapy. Several factors are involved in the development of MDR including increased expression of efflux transporters, the tumor microenvironment, changes in molecular targets and the activity of cancer stem cells. Recently, researchers have designed and developed a number of small molecule inhibitors and derivatives of natural compounds to overcome various mechanisms of clinical MDR. Unfortunately, most of the chemosensitizing approaches have failed in clinical trials due to non-specific interactions and adverse side effects at pharmacologically effective concentrations. Nanomedicine approaches provide an efficient drug delivery platform to overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy and improve therapeutic effectiveness. Multifunctional nanomaterials have been found to facilitate drug delivery by improving bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs to overcome MDR. In this review article, we discuss the major factors contributing to MDR and the limitations of existing chemotherapy- and nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems to overcome clinical MDR mechanisms. We critically review recent nanotechnology-based approaches to combat tumor heterogeneity, drug efflux mechanisms, DNA repair and apoptotic machineries to overcome clinical MDR. Recent successful therapies of this nature include liposomal nanoformulations, cRGDY-PEG-Cy5.5-Carbon dots and Cds/ZnS core–shell quantum dots that have been employed for the effective treatment of various cancer sub-types including small cell lung, head and neck and breast cancers.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee M, Geitgey DK, Hamilton JAG, Boss JM, Scharer CD, Spangle JM, Haynes KA, Henry CJ. Adipocyte-mediated epigenomic instability in human T-ALL cells is cytotoxic and phenocopied by epigenetic-modifying drugs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:909557. [PMID: 36060800 PMCID: PMC9438935 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.909557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world’s population with obesity is reaching pandemic levels. If current trends continue, it is predicted that there will be 1.5 billion people with obesity by 2030. This projection is alarming due to the association of obesity with numerous diseases including cancer, with recent studies demonstrating a positive association with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Interestingly, several epidemiological studies suggest the converse relationship may exist in patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). To determine the relationship between obesity and T-ALL development, we employed the diet-induced obesity (DIO) murine model and cultured human T-ALL cells in adipocyte-conditioned media (ACM), bone marrow stromal cell-conditioned media, stromal conditioned media (SCM), and unconditioned media to determine the functional impact of increased adiposity on leukemia progression. Whereas only 20% of lean mice transplanted with T-ALL cells survived longer than 3 months post-inoculation, 50%–80% of obese mice with leukemia survived over this same period. Furthermore, culturing human T-ALL cells in ACM resulted in increased histone H3 acetylation (K9/K14/K18/K23/K27) and methylation (K4me3 and K27me3) posttranslational modifications (PTMs), which preceded accelerated cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and cell death. Adipocyte-mediated epigenetic changes in human T-ALL cells were recapitulated with the H3K27 demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 and the pan-HDAC inhibitor vorinostat. These drugs were also highly cytotoxic to human T-ALL cells at low micromolar concentrations. In summary, our data support epidemiological studies demonstrating that adiposity suppresses T-ALL pathogenesis. We present data demonstrating that T-ALL cell death in adipose-rich microenvironments is induced by epigenetic modifications, which are not tolerated by leukemia cells. Similarly, GSK-J4 and vorinostat treatment induced epigenomic instability and cytotoxicity profiles that phenocopied the responses of human T-ALL cells to ACM, which provides additional support for the use of epigenetic modifying drugs as a treatment option for T-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Delaney K. Geitgey
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jamie A. G. Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Spangle
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Karmella A. Haynes
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Curtis J. Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Curtis J. Henry,
| |
Collapse
|