Effective Penetration of a Liposomal Formulation of Bleomycin through Ex-Vivo Skin Explants from Two Different Species

Guardians Turned Culprits: NETosis and Its Influence on Pulmonary Fibrosis Development

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating, life-threatening irreversible lung disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the lungs, impairing their function. The exact mechanisms underlying Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) are multifaceted and not yet fully understood. Reports show that during COVID-19 pandemic, PF was dramatically increased due to the hyperactivation of the immune system. Neutrophils and macrophages are the patrolling immune cells that keep the microenvironment balanced. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a normal protective mechanism of neutrophils. The chief components of the NETs include DNA, citrullinated histones, and anti-microbial peptides which are released by the activated neutrophils. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that hyperactivation of immune cells can also turn into criminals when it comes to pathological state. Dysregulated NETosis may contribute to sustained inflammation, overactivation of fibroblasts, and ultimately promoting collagen deposition which is the characteristic feature of PF. The role of NETs along with inflammation is attaining greater attention. However, seldom researches are related to the relationship between NETs causing PF. This review highlights the cellular mechanism of NETs-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which could give a better understanding of molecular targets which may be helpful for treating NETs-induced PF.

Comprehensive insights into oral squamous cell carcinoma: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic advances

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered the most common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as it holds 90 % of HNSCC cases that arise from multiple locations in the oral cavity. The last three decades witnessed little progress in the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC the aggressive tumor. However, in-depth knowledge about OSCC's pathogenesis, staging & grading, hallmarks, and causative factors is a prime requirement in advanced diagnosis and treatment for OSCC patients. Therefore present review was intended to comprehend the OSCCs' prevalence, staging & grading, molecular pathogenesis including premalignant stages, various hallmarks, etiology, diagnostic methods, treatment (including FDA-approved drugs with the mechanism of action and side effects), and theranostic agents. The current review updates that for a better understanding of OSCC progress tumor-promoting inflammation, sustained proliferative signaling, and growth-suppressive signals/apoptosis capacity evasion are the three most important hallmarks to be considered. This review suggests that among all the etiology factors the consumption of tobacco is the major contributor to the high incidence rate of OSCC. In OSCC diagnosis biopsy is considered the gold standard, however, toluidine blue staining is the easiest and non-invasive method with high accuracy. Although there are various therapeutic agents available for cancer treatment, however, a few only are approved by the FDA specifically for OSCC treatment. The present review recommends that among all available OSCC treatments, the antibody-based CAR-NK is a promising therapeutic approach for future cancer treatment. Presently review also suggests that theranostics have boosted the advancement of cancer diagnosis and treatment, however, additional work is required to refine the role of theranostics in combination with different modalities in cancer treatment.

Translational and Comparative Research on Innovative Anti-Cancer Therapies

Oncology research has received considerable attention in recent years due to the increasing prevalence of cancer in human and animal populations worldwide [...].

A Narrative Review of the Potential Roles of Lipid-Based Vesicles (Vesiculosomes) in Burn Management

Burn injuries can have a lasting effect on people’s quality of life, as they negatively impact their physical and mental health. Then, they are likely to suffer psychological problems as a result. A serious problem is that deep burns are more challenging to treat due to their slow healing rate and susceptibility to microbial infection. Conventional topical medications used for burn treatment are sometimes ineffective because they cannot optimize their ability of transcutaneous absorption at the targeted site and accelerate healing. However, nanotechnology offers excellent prospects for developing current medical wound therapies and is capable of addressing issues such as low drug stability, water solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. The current review focuses on lipid-based vesicles (vesiculosomes) as an example of advanced delivery systems, showing their potential clinical applications in burn wound management. Vesiculosomes may help overcome impediments including the low bioavailability of active agents, offering the controlled release of drugs, increased drug stability, fewer side effects, and reduced dosing frequency, which will ultimately improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. We discuss the application of various types of vesiculosomes such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, cubosomes, transfersomes, and phytosomes in burn healing therapy, as these demonstrate superior skin penetration compared to conventional burn topical treatment. We also highlight their noteworthy uses in the formulation of natural products and discuss the current status as well as future perspectives of these carriers in burn management. Furthermore, the burn treatment options currently available in the market are also summarized.