Current Molecular Profile of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Systemic Therapeutic Implications

Selective internal radiation with Y-90 resin microspheres (SIRT) for liver metastases of gastro-intestinal stromal tumors (GIST) resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy

BACKGROUND

Hepatic metastases of GIST might be the dominant site of progression and resistant to available tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) offers treatment by intratumoral radiation up to 200 Gy. We analyzed the hepatic progression-free survival (H-PFS) in a consecutive patient cohort.

METHODS

Twenty-six patients (median age 57.6 years) with biopsy proven liver metastases of GIST were treated by SIRT. All had RECIST documented tumor progression, and 24/26 patients had up to four lines of pretreatment. Mutational status was 'quadruple wildtype' (q-wt, n = 5), KIT exon 11/9/13 in n = 15/4/1 cases and PDGFRα (n = 1). Median follow-up of this retrospective analysis of a prospectively kept database is 33.6 months.

RESULTS

Median H-PFS was 16 months (range, 4-54+ months, 95% CI 6.5-25.4 months) and OS after SIRT was 28 months (95% CI 17.2-28.7 months). Best H-PFS was observed in patients with 'q-wt' at 25 months (range, 6+-54 months, 95% CI 16.2-33.8 months). The worst outcome was for KIT exon 11 mutations plus secondary mutations with 7 months (range, 4-33 months, 95% CI, 4.2-9.8 months).

CONCLUSIONS

90Y-SIRT is a potent treatment for patients with liver metastases of GIST resistant to TKI therapy. In patients with 'q-wt' GIST, SIRT is an option for first-line use.

Results of the interim analysis of a prospective, multicenter, observational study of small subepithelial lesions in the stomach

OBJECTIVES

Long-term outcomes of gastric subepithelial lesions have not been elucidated. To reveal the natural history, we initiated a prospective, 10-year follow-up of patients with small (≤20 mm) gastric subepithelial lesions in September 2014. Here, we report the results of an interim analysis of a prospective observational study.

METHODS

In total, 567 patients with 610 lesions were prospectively registered between September 2014 and August 2016. The location, size, morphology, and number of subepithelial lesions were recorded on a web-based case report form. This study has been conducted as an Academic Committee Working Group of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

RESULTS

The endoscopic follow-up period was 4.60 ± 1.73 years (mean ± standard deviation), and survival data were investigated for 5.28 ± 1.68 years. This interim analysis revealed that the estimated cumulative incidence of a size increase ≥5 mm, after accounting for patients' death and resection of the tumor as competing risk events, was 4.5% at 5 years. In addition, the estimated cumulative incidence of lesion size increase ≥5 mm or resection of lesions was 7.9% at 5 years, and that of size increase ≥10 mm or resection of lesions was 4.5% at 5 years.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that approximately one in 13 patients with small (≤20 mm) gastric subepithelial lesions may require resection or further investigation for increased tumor size (≥5 mm) within 5 years.

Clinical Benefit of Avapritinib in KIT-Mutant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Phase I NAVIGATOR and Phase I/II CS3007-001 Studies

PURPOSE

The efficacy of the selective KIT/PDGFRA inhibitor avapritinib (300 mg once daily) was explored in patients with non-PDGFRA-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) from the phase I NAVIGATOR and phase I/II CS3007-001 trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Adults with unresectable/metastatic, KIT-only-mutant GISTs and progression following ≥1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were included in this post hoc analysis. Baseline mutational status was identified in tumor and plasma. Primary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) by blinded independent radiology review per modified RECIST v1.1 in patients harboring KIT activation-loop mutations (KIT exons 17 or 18) without ATP binding-pocket mutations (KIT exons 13 or 14; ALposABPneg), and other KIT mutations (OTHERS).

RESULTS

Sixty KIT ALposABPneg and 100 KIT OTHERS predominantly heavily pretreated patients (61.3% with ≥3 prior TKIs) were included. ORR was significantly higher in KIT ALposABPneg than KIT OTHERS patients (unadjusted: 26.7% vs. 12.0%; P = 0.0852; adjusted: 31.4% vs. 12.1%; P = 0.0047). Median PFS (mPFS) was significantly longer in KIT ALposABPneg patients compared with KIT OTHERS patients (unadjusted: 9.1 vs. 3.5 months; P = 0.0002; adjusted: 9.1 vs. 3.4 months; P < 0.0001), and longer in second- versus later-line settings (19.3 vs. 5.6-10.6 months). Benefit with avapritinib was observed in patients with KIT exon 9 mutations in the ≥4 line settings (mPFS: 5.6 and 3.7 months for 4 line and >4 line, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Avapritinib showed greater antitumor activity in patients with GISTs harboring KIT ALposABPneg mutations versus KIT OTHERS, and may be considered in the former subpopulation. Patients with KIT exon 9 mutations may also benefit in ≥4 line settings.

Exploring Perforated Jejunal GIST: A Rare Case Report and Review of Molecular and Clinical Literature

This case report details a rare instance of a perforated jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in a 76-year-old female patient. The patient presented with acute abdominal pain and distension without any changes in bowel habits or episodes of nausea and vomiting. Initial diagnostics, including abdominal plain radiography and ultrasonography, were inconclusive; however, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed pneumoperitoneum and an irregular fluid collection suggestive of small intestine perforations. Surgical intervention uncovered a 35 mm jejunal GIST with a 10 mm perforation. Histopathological examination confirmed a mixed cell type GIST with high malignancy potential, further substantiated by immunohistochemistry markers CD117, DOG1, and vimentin. Molecular analysis illuminated the role of key oncogenes, primarily KIT and PDGFRA mutations, emphasizing the importance of molecular diagnostics in GIST management. Despite the severity of the presentation, the patient's postoperative recovery was favorable, highlighting the effectiveness of prompt surgical and multidisciplinary approaches in managing complex GIST cases.

Unexpected reaction of "wild-type" gastrointestinal stromal tumor to imatinib: case report and literature review

Background

Most of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are driven by mutations in the KIT/PDGFRA genes and can benefit from TKIs treatment. However, a small subset of GIST (10%-15%) are called "wild-type" GISTs due to the lack of these mutations. Theoretically, they would not benefit from TKIs treatment and may even develop resistance. Therefore, this unexpected response may challenge inherent perceptions. Herein, we present a case of giant wild-type GIST exhibiting an unexpected response to imatinib(IM), followed by laparoscopic surgical resection. Subsequently, potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.

Case description

This case describes a 57-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain for two weeks. CT revealed a massive lesion near the splenic hilum along the greater curvature of the stomach, concurrently involving the splenic hilar vessels and surrounding lymph nodes. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed it is a mesenchymal spindle cell tumor,GIST. Due to the enormous volume and local invasion, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was initially considered. After 6 months of IM 400 mg/d, CT imaging revealed marked changes in tumor heterogeneity and a significant reduction in volume. Subsequently, laparoscopic surgical resection was performed. Postoperative pathological examination, immunohistochemistry, and genetic testing collectively confirmed it is a wild-type GIST.The patient recovered well and was discharged on the 6th day after surgery, with continued oral IM(400 mg/d) after discharge. No recurrence was observed during follow-up until the publication of this report.

Conclusion

This unexpected response suggests that wild-type GISTs may benefit from TKIs treatment, and the potential mechanisms warrant further investigation. Additionally, true wild-type GIST may not be discerned due to current limitations of Next-Generation Sequencing(NGS). Therefore, for advanced/high-risk GIST, additional genetic analysis can be performed after negative NGS results.

Neurofibromatosis- and schwannomatosis-associated tumors: Approaches to genetic testing and counseling considerations

Neurofibromatosis (NF) and schwannomatosis (SWN) are genetic conditions characterized by the risk of developing nervous system tumors. Recently revised diagnostic criteria include the addition of genetic testing to confirm a pathogenic variant, as well as to detect the presence of mosaicism. Therefore, the use and interpretation of both germline and tumor-based testing have increasing importance in the diagnostic approach, treatment decisions, and risk stratification of these conditions. This focused review discusses approaches to genetic testing of NF- and SWN-related tumor types, which are somewhat rare and perhaps lesser known to non-specialized clinicians. These include gastrointestinal stromal tumors, breast cancer, plexiform neurofibromas with or without transformation to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, gliomas, and schwannomas, and emphasizes the need for inclusion of genetic providers in patient care and appropriate pre- and post-test education, genetic counseling, and focused evaluation by a medical geneticist or other healthcare provider familiar with clinical manifestations of these disorders.

A Phase I, Multicenter, Open-Label, First-in-Human Study of DS-6157a in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

PURPOSE

To evaluate DS-6157a, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting G protein-coupled receptor 20 (GPR20), in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this phase I multicenter, open-label, multiple-dose study, patients with previously treated advanced GIST received intravenous DS-6157a on Day 1 of 21-day cycles, with a starting dose of 1.6 mg/kg. The primary objective evaluated the safety and tolerability of DS-6157a, while determining dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and the MTD. Secondary objectives included plasma pharmacokinetics parameters, plasma antidrug antibodies (ADA), and efficacy.

RESULTS

A total of 34 patients enrolled. DS-6157a was well tolerated, with DLTs in 4 patients (11.8%) at doses of 6.4 mg/kg, 9.6 mg/kg, and 12.8 mg/kg; the MTD was determined to be 6.4 mg/kg. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) grade ≥3 occurred in 17 patients (50.0%), including decreased platelet count (23.5%), anemia (20.6%), decreased neutrophil count (14.7%), and decreased white blood cell count (11.8%). Four patients (11.8%) experienced serious adverse events related to DS-6157a. Six patients died with 5 due to disease progression and 1 due to DS-6157a-related TEAE. Tumor shrinkage was observed in 7 patients (20.6%), and 1 patient (2.9%) achieved a partial response. Plasma concentrations and exposure of intact DS-6157a, DXd, and total anti-GPR20 antibody all demonstrated a dose-dependent profile. No treatment-emergent ADAs were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting GPR20 with DS-6157a was tolerated in patients with advanced GIST with tumor shrinkage demonstrated in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GIST. However, the study did not proceed further due to lower efficacy outcomes than anticipated.

Measuring Tumour Imatinib Concentrations in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours: Relevant or Redundant?

Imatinib plasma trough concentrations are associated with efficacy for patients treated for advanced or metastatic KIT-positive gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). This relationship has not been studied for patients treated in the neoadjuvant setting, let alone its correlation with tumour drug concentrations. In this exploratory study we aimed to determine the correlation between plasma and tumour imatinib concentrations in the neoadjuvant setting, investigate tumour imatinib distribution patterns within GISTs, and analyse its correlation with pathological response. Imatinib concentrations were measured in both plasma and in three regions of the resected primary tumour: the core, middle part, and periphery. Twenty-four tumour samples derived from the primary tumours of eight patients were included in the analyses. Imatinib tumour concentrations were higher compared to plasma concentrations. No correlation was observed between plasma and tumour concentrations. Interpatient variability in tumour concentrations was high compared to interindividual variability in plasma concentrations. Although imatinib accumulates in tumour tissue, no distribution pattern of imatinib in tumour tissue could be identified. There was no correlation between imatinib concentrations in tumour tissue and pathological treatment response.

Precision Oncology in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumors) represent 20% of sarcomatous tumors and 1-2% of primary gastrointestinal cancers. They have an excellent prognosis when localized and resectable, though their prognosis is poor in the metastatic setting, with limited options after the second line until recently. Four lines are now standard in KIT-mutated GIST and one in PDGFRA-mutated GIST. An exponential growth of new treatments is expected in this era of molecular diagnostic techniques and systematic sequencing. Currently, the main challenge remains the emergence of resistance linked to secondary mutations caused by selective pressure induced by TKIs. Repeating biopsies to tailor treatments might be a step in the right direction, and liquid biopsies at progression may offer a non-invasive alternative. New molecules with wider KIT inhibition are under investigation and could change the catalog and the sequence of existing treatments. Combination therapies may also be an approach to overcome current resistance mechanisms. Here, we review the current epidemiology and biology of GIST and discuss future management options, with an emphasis on genome-oriented therapies.

Molecular Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Their Impact on Systemic Therapy Decision

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are soft tissue sarcomas that mostly derive from Cajal cell precursors. They are by far the most common soft tissue sarcomas. Clinically, they present as gastrointestinal malignancies, most often with bleeding, pain, or intestinal obstruction. They are identified using characteristic immunohistochemical staining for CD117 and DOG1. Improved understanding of the molecular biology of these tumors and identification of oncogenic drivers have altered the systemic treatment of primarily disseminated disease, which is becoming increasingly complex. Gain-of-function mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes represent the driving mutations in more than 90% of all GISTs. These patients exhibit good responses to targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Gastrointestinal stromal tumors lacking the KIT/PDGFRA mutations, however, represent distinct clinico-pathological entities with diverse molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis. In these patients, therapy with TKIs is hardly ever as effective as for KIT/PDGFRA-mutated GISTs. This review provides an outline of current diagnostics aimed at identifying clinically relevant driver alterations and a comprehensive summary of current treatments with targeted therapies for patients with GISTs in both adjuvant and metastatic settings. The role of molecular testing and the selection of the optimal targeted therapy according to the identified oncogenic driver are reviewed and some future directions are proposed.