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Xuan X, Zhang S. Exploring the active ingredients and mechanism of Shenzhi Tongxin capsule against microvascular angina based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34190. [PMID: 37390241 PMCID: PMC10313304 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular angina (MVA) substantially threatens human health, and the Shenzhi Tongxin (SZTX) capsule demonstrates a remarkable cardioprotective effect, making it a potential treatment option for MVA. However, the precise mechanism of action for this medication remains unclear. This study utilized network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to investigate the active components and potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the SZTX capsule in alleviating MVA. METHODS The main ingredients of the SZTX capsule, along with their targets proteins and potential disease targets associated with MVA, were extracted from public available databases. This study utilized the STRING database and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to establish a protein-protein interaction network and determine key signaling pathway targets. Subsequently, the DAVID database was utilized to conduct Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses on the intersection targets. To further investigate the molecular interactions, Autodock and PyMOL software were employed to perform molecular docking and visualize the resulting outcomes. RESULTS A total of 130 and 142 bioactive ingredients and intersection targets were identified respectively. Six core targets were obtained through protein-protein interaction network analysis. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that 610 biological processes, 75 cellular components, and 92 molecular functions were involved. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that SZTX capsule molecular mechanism in the treatment of MVA may be related to several pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and others. The results of molecular docking showed that the 7 key active ingredients of SZTX capsule had good binding ability to 6 core proteins. CONCLUSION SZTX capsule potentially exerts its effects by targeting multiple signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. This multi-target approach enables SZTX capsule to inhibit inflammation, alleviate oxidative stress, regulate angiogenesis, and enhance endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xuan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Tang D, Wang C, Gu Z, Li J, Jin L, Li J, Wang Z, Jiang RW. Discovery of anti-allergic components in Guomingkang Formula using sensitive HEMT biochips coupled with in vitro and in vivo validation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 115:154837. [PMID: 37126969 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent allergic disease, which seriously affects the sufferers' life quality and increases the socioeconomic burden. Guominkang (GMK), a well-known prescription for AR treatment, showed satisfactory effects; while its anti-allergic components remain to be disclosed. AlGaN/GaN HEMT biochip is more sensitive and cost-effective than other binding equipments, indicating its great potential for screening of active ingredients from herbal medicines. METHODS AR mouse models were first established to test the anti-allergic effect of GMK and discover the ingredients absorbed into blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectra (UHPLC-MS). Then, novel Syk/Lyn/Fyn-functionalized high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) biochips with high sensitivity and specificity were constructed and applied to screen the active components. Finally, the results from HEMT biochips screening were validated via in silico (molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation), in vitro (RBL-2H3 cells), and in vivo (PCA mice model) assays. RESULTS GMK showed a potent therapeutic effect on AR mice, and fifteen components were identified from the medicated plasma. Furthermore, hamaudol was firstly found to selectively inhibit the Syk and Lyn, and emodin was to selectively inhibit Lyn, which were further confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. Suppression of the activation of FcεRI-MAPK signals might be the possible mechanism of the anti-allergic effect of hamaudol. CONCLUSIONS The targets of emodin and hamaudol were discovered by HEMT biochips for the first time. This study provided a novel and effective strategy to discover active components in a complex herbal formula by using AlGaN/GaN HEMT biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Zhiqi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, PR China
| | - Jiadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, PR China
| | - Lu Jin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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Liu GL, Bu XY, Chen C, Fu C, Chi Z, Kosugi A, Cui Q, Chi ZM, Liu YJ. Bioconversion of non-food corn biomass to polyol esters of fatty acid and single-cell oils. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:9. [PMID: 36650607 PMCID: PMC9844004 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulose is a valuable carbon source for the production of biofuels and biochemicals, thus having the potential to substitute fossil resources. Consolidated bio-saccharification (CBS) is a whole-cell-based catalytic technology previously developed to produce fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. The deep-sea yeast strain Rhodotorula paludigena P4R5 can produce extracellular polyol esters of fatty acids (PEFA) and intracellular single-cell oils (SCO) simultaneously. Therefore, the integration of CBS and P4R5 fermentation processes would achieve high-value-added conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS The strain P4R5 could co-utilize glucose and xylose, the main monosaccharides from lignocellulose, and also use fructose and arabinose for PEFA and SCO production at high levels. By regulating the sugar metabolism pathways for different monosaccharides, the strain could produce PEFA with a single type of polyol head. The potential use of PEFA as functional micelles was also determined. Most importantly, when sugar-rich CBS hydrolysates derived from corn stover or corncob residues were used to replace grain-derived pure sugars for P4R5 fermentation, similar PEFA and SCO productions were obtained, indicating the robust conversion of non-food corn plant wastes to high-value-added glycolipids and lipids. Since the produced PEFA could be easily collected from the culture via short-time standing, we further developed a semi-continuous process for PEFA production from corncob residue-derived CBS hydrolysate, and the PEFA titer and productivity were enhanced up to 41.1 g/L and 8.22 g/L/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Here, we integrated the CBS process and the P4R5 fermentation for the robust production of high-value-added PEFA and SCO from non-food corn plant wastes. Therefore, this study suggests a feasible way for lignocellulosic agro-waste utilization and the potential application of P4R5 in industrial PEFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lei Liu
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484590.40000 0004 5998 3072Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xian-Ying Bu
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China ,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China ,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China ,grid.410752.5Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China ,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China ,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China ,grid.410752.5Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484590.40000 0004 5998 3072Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- grid.452611.50000 0001 2107 8171Biological Resources and Post-Harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Qiu Cui
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China ,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China ,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China ,grid.410752.5Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484590.40000 0004 5998 3072Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China ,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China ,Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China ,grid.410752.5Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Qingdao, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mukherjee S, Yun JW. β-Carotene stimulates browning of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes by enhancing thermogenesis via the β3-AR/p38 MAPK/SIRT signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153857. [PMID: 34840022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural compounds with medicinal properties are part of a strategic trend in the treatment of obesity. The vitamin A agent, β-carotene, is a well-known carotenoid, and its numerous functions in metabolism have been widely studied. The activation of thermogenesis by stimulating white fat browning (beiging) has been identified as a treatment for obese individuals. PURPOSE The current study was undertaken to unveil the browning activity of β-carotene in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. METHODS The effects of β-carotene were evaluated in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes, and gene/protein expressions were determined by performing quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence assessment, and molecular docking techniques. RESULTS β-carotene strikingly increased the expression levels of brown-fat-specific marker proteins (UCP1, PRDM16, and PGC-1α) and beige-fat-specific genes (Cd137, Cidea, Cited1, andTbx1) in 3T3-L1 cells. Exposure to β-carotene also elevated the expressions of key adipogenic transcription factors C/EBPα and PPARγ in white adipocytes but decreased the expressions of lipogenic marker proteins ACC and FAS. Moreover, lipolysis and fat oxidation were regulated by β-carotene via upregulation of ATGL, pHSL, ACOX, and CPT1. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed β-carotene activation of the adenosine A2A receptor and β3-AR. β-Carotene increased the expressions of mitochondrial biogenic markers, stimulated the β3-AR and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and its downstream signaling molecules (SIRTs and ATF2), thereby inducing browning. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate the potential of β-carotene as a natural-source therapeutic anti-obesity agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Mukherjee S, Yun JW. Prednisone stimulates white adipocyte browning via β3-AR/p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Life Sci 2022; 288:120204. [PMID: 34864064 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Prednisone is a corticosteroid-derived drug which is widely used for its role in immunosuppression and treatment of lung disorders. The current study reports, for the first time, the critical role of prednisone in the induction of white fat browning, thereby promoting thermogenic effect in cultured white adipocytes. MAIN METHODS The fat-browning activity of prednisone was evaluated in 3T3-L1 cells by quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking techniques. KEY FINDINGS Exposure to prednisone stimulated browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes by increasing the expressions of core fat browning marker proteins (UCP1, PGC-1α and PRDM16) as well as beige-specific genes (Cd137, Cidea, Cited1, and Tbx1) via ATF2 and CREB activation mediated by p38 MAPK and ERK signaling, respectively. Prednisone exposure also resulted in the robust activation of lipolytic and fatty acid oxidation marker proteins, thereby increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, prednisone treatment resulted in reduced expression levels of adipogenic transcription factors while elevating SIRT1, as well as attenuation of lipogenesis and lipid droplets formation. Furthermore, molecular docking and mechanistic studies demonstrated the recruitment of beige fat by prednisone via the β3-AR/p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results indicate the unique role of prednisone as a fat-browning stimulant, and demonstrate its therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity by enhancing thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Xie J, Liu M, Liu H, Jin Z, Guan F, Ge S, Yan J, Zheng M, Cai D, Liu J. Zeaxanthin ameliorates obesity by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor to stimulate inguinal fat thermogenesis and modulating the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2021; 12:12734-12750. [PMID: 34846398 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of fat thermogenesis and modulation of the gut microbiota are promising therapeutic strategies against obesity. Zeaxanthin (ZEA), a carotenoid plant pigment, has been shown to prevent various diseases; however, the therapeutic mechanism for obesity remains unclear. Herein, whether ZEA improves obesity by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) to stimulate white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis and modulating the gut microbiota was investigated. C57BL6/N mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with ZEA for 22 weeks. ZEA treatment reduced body weight, fat weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, liver weight, and lipid deposition, and improved dyslipidaemia, serum GPT, GOT, leptin, and irisin levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Mechanistically, ZEA treatment induced the expression of β3-AR and thermogenic factors, such as PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1, in inguinal WAT (iWAT) and brown adipose tissue. ZEA treatment stimulated iWAT thermogenesis through the synergistic cooperation of key organelles, which manifested as an increased expression of lipid droplet degradation factors (ATGL, CGI-58 and pHSL), mitochondrial biogenesis factors (Sirt1, Nrf2, Tfam, Nampt and Cyt-C), peroxisomal biogenesis factors (Pex16, Pex19 and Pmp70), and β-oxidation factors (Cpt1, Cpt2, Acadm and Acox1). The thermogenic effect of ZEA was abolished by β3-AR antagonist (SR59230A) treatment. Additionally, dietary supplementation with ZEA reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis by regulating the abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridia, Proteobacteria, and Desulfovibrio, which were associated with the thermogenesis- and obesity-associated indices by Spearman's correlation analysis. Functional analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that ZEA treatment significantly enriched the lipid metabolism pathways. These results demonstrate that ZEA is a promising multi-target functional food for the treatment of obesity by activating β3-AR to stimulate iWAT thermogenesis, and modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Meihong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Zhibo Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Fengtao Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Sitong Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jie Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Dan Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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Wang Z, Zeng M, Wang Z, Qin F, Wang Y, Chen J, Christian M, He Z. Food phenolics stimulate adipocyte browning via regulating gut microecology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-27. [PMID: 34738509 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1997905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fat browning has piqued the interest of researchers as a potential target for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recruitment of brown adipocytes leads to enhanced energy dissipation and reduced adiposity, thus facilitating the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Evidence is increasing to support the crucial roles of polyphenols and gut microecology in turning fat "brown". However, it is not clear whether the intestinal microecology is involved in polyphenol-mediated regulation of adipose browning, so this concept is worthy of exploration. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge, mostly from studies with murine models, supporting the concept that the effects of food phenolics on brown fat activation and white fat browning can be attributed to their regulatory actions on gut microecology, including microbial community profile, gut metabolites, and gut-derived hormones. Furthermore, the potential underlying pathways involved are also discussed. Basically, understanding gut microecology paves the way to determine the underlying roles and mechanisms of food phenolics in adipose browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Food and Beverage Department of Damin Food (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mark Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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