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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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Larson KR, Jayakrishnan D, Soto Sauza KA, Goodson ML, Chaffin AT, Davidyan A, Pathak S, Fang Y, Gonzalez Magaña D, Miller BF, Ryan KK. FGF21 Induces Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Increases Amino Acids in Female Mice: A Potential Role for Glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae004. [PMID: 38244215 PMCID: PMC10849119 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is an intercellular signaling molecule secreted by metabolic organs, including skeletal muscle, in response to intracellular stress. FGF21 crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts via the nervous system to coordinate aspects of the adaptive starvation response, including increased lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Given its beneficial effects for hepatic lipid metabolism, pharmaceutical FGF21 analogues are used in clinical trials treatment of fatty liver disease. We predicted pharmacologic treatment with FGF21 increases HPA axis activity and skeletal muscle glucocorticoid signaling and induces skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Here we found a short course of systemic FGF21 treatment decreased muscle protein synthesis and reduced tibialis anterior weight; this was driven primarily by its effect in female mice. Similarly, intracerebroventricular FGF21 reduced tibialis anterior muscle fiber cross-sectional area; this was more apparent among female mice than male littermates. In agreement with the reduced muscle mass, the topmost enriched metabolic pathways in plasma collected from FGF21-treated females were related to amino acid metabolism, and the relative abundance of plasma proteinogenic amino acids was increased up to 3-fold. FGF21 treatment increased hypothalamic Crh mRNA, plasma corticosterone, and adrenal weight, and increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor target genes known to reduce muscle protein synthesis and/or promote degradation. Given the proposed use of FGF21 analogues for the treatment of metabolic disease, the study is both physiologically relevant and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlton R Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Devi Jayakrishnan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karla A Soto Sauza
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aki T Chaffin
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arik Davidyan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Suraj Pathak
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanbin Fang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diego Gonzalez Magaña
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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QIN X, PANG J, XIONG G, FENG J. Bo's abdominal acupuncture improves disordered metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic rats through regulating fibroblast growth factor 21 and its related adipokines. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:1200-1208. [PMID: 37946482 PMCID: PMC10623386 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231008.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Bo's abdominal acupuncture (BOAA) on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its related adipokines in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS This study established obese T2DM rat model by high-fat diet (HFD) with a dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg). Obese T2DM rats were randomly subdivided into four groups (n = 10): negative, BOAA, conventional acupuncture (COA group) and metformin group (Met group) groups. The biochemical parameters, mRNAs, and proteins were analyzed using enzyme-lined immunoassays kits, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS Treatment with BOAA attenuated the histopathological changes in visceral fat and restored the alterations in the levels of body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). BOAA treatment significantly decreased the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, and increased the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), adiponectin (ADP), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), C-peptide (C-P) in obese T2DM rats. Furthermore, BOAA treatment significantly increased the mRNA expressions of FGF21, ADP, leptin, PPAR-γ, PPAR-α and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Besides, BOAA treatment upregulated the protein expressions of fibroblast growth factor receptors3 (FGFR3), PPAR-α, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), AMPK, p-AMPK, Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), phosphorylated LKB1 (p-LKB1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and phosphorylated ACC (p-ACC), while downregulated the protein expressions of FGF21 and PPAR-γ in visceral fat. CONCLUSIONS BOAA treatment reduced FBG and body weight, and improved insulin sensitivity through regulating FGF21 signaling pathway and its related adipokine in obese T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui QIN
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jianli PANG
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, China
| | - Guan XIONG
- 3 Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, the Eighth People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jie FENG
- 4 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Bazhan NМ, Jakovleva TV, Kazantseva AY, Kostina NE, Orlov PE, Balybina NY, Baranov KО, Makarova EN. Studying sex differences in responses to fibroblast growth factor 21 administration in obese mice consuming a sweet-fat diet. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:333-341. [PMID: 37469453 PMCID: PMC10352995 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, obesity caused by consumption of a sweet-fat diet (SFD) is the most adequate mouse model of human diet-induced obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) reduces body weight, beneficially affects taste preferences, and corrects glucose metabolism in obese mice. Sex is known to influence FGF21 effects in different models of diet-induced and hereditary obesity. In mice with SFD-induced obesity, the effects of FGF21 have been studied only in males. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of FGF21 on body weight, food preferences and glucose and lipid metabolism in C57Bl/6J male and female mice with SFD-induced obesity. Mice were fed with a diet consisting of standard chow, lard and cookies for 10 weeks, then they were injected with FGF21 (1 mg per 1 kg) or vehicle for 7 days. Body weight, weights of different types of food, blood parameters, glucose tolerance, gene and protein expression in the liver, gene expression in the white, brown adipose tissues, and the hypothalamus were assessed. FGF21 administration reduced body weight, did not alter total energy consumption, and activated orexigenic pathways of hypothalamus in mice of both sexes. However, sex dimorphism was found in the realization of the orexigenic FGF21 action at the transcriptional level in the hypothalamus. Metabolic effects of FGF21 were also sex-specific. Only in males, FGF21 exerted beneficial antidiabetic action: it reduced fatty acid and leptin plasma levels, improved glucose-tolerance, and upregulated hepatic expression of Ppargc1, Fasn, Accα, involved in lipid turnover, gene Insr and protein glucokinase, involved in insulin action. Only in obese females, FGF21 induced preference of standard diet to sweet food. Thus, in mouse model of obesity induced by consumption of a sweet-fat diet, the catabolic effect of FGF21 was not sex-specific and hormonal, transcriptional and behavioral effects of FGF21 were sex-specific. These data suggest elaboration of different approaches to use FGF21 analogs for correction of metabolic consequences of obesity in different sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N М Bazhan
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T V Jakovleva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Kazantseva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N E Kostina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P E Orlov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N Yu Balybina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K О Baranov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E N Makarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Lu C, Jin L, Bi J, Jin H, You X, Peng L, Fan H, Wang H, Wang L, Fan Z, Wang X, Liu B. Toxicokinetics of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 for injection in cynomolgus monkey for 3 months. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1176136. [PMID: 37288111 PMCID: PMC10242211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1176136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a potential therapeutic agent for multiple metabolic diseases. However, little is known about the toxicokinetic characteristics of FGF-21. Methods: In the present study, we investigated the toxicokinetics of FGF-21 delivered via subcutaneous injection in vivo. Twenty cynomolgus monkeys were injected subcutaneously with different doses of FGF-21 for 86 days. Serum samples were collected at eight different time points (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 8, 12, and 24 h) on day 1, 37 and 86 for toxicokinetic analysis. The serum concentrations of FGF-21 were measured using a double sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 30, 65, and 87 for blood and blood biochemical tests. Necropsy and pathological analysis were performed on d87 and d116 (after recovery for 29 days). Results: The average AUC(0-24h) values of low-dose FGF-21 on d1, d37, and d86 were 5253, 25268, and 60445 μg h/L, and the average AUC(0-24h) values of high-dose FGF-21 on d1, d37, and d86 were 19964, 78999, and 1952821 μg h/L, respectively. Analysis of the blood and blood biochemical indexes showed that prothrombin time and AST content in the high-dose FGF-21 group increased. However, no significant changes in other blood and blood biochemical indexes were observed. The anatomical and pathological results showed that continuous subcutaneous injection of FGF-21 for 86 days did not affect organ weight, the organ coefficient, and histopathology in cynomolgus monkeys. Discussion: Our results have guiding significance for the preclinical research and clinical use of FGF-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Bi
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Jin
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi You
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lulu Peng
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibing Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangshun Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengkai Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
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Ding P, Yang R, Li C, Fu HL, Ren GL, Wang P, Zheng DY, Chen W, Yang LY, Mao YF, Yuan HB, Li YH. Fibroblast growth factor 21 attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptotic pathway. Crit Care 2023; 27:196. [PMID: 37218012 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is caused by overdistension of the alveoli by the repetitive recruitment and derecruitment of alveolar units. This study aims to investigate the potential role and mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic regulator secreted by the liver, in VILI development. METHODS Serum FGF21 concentrations were determined in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia and in a mouse VILI model. Lung injury was compared between FGF21-knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Recombinant FGF21 was administrated in vivo and in vitro to determine its therapeutic effect. RESULTS Serum FGF21 levels in patients and mice with VILI were significantly higher than in those without VILI. Additionally, the increment of serum FGF21 in anesthesia patients was positively correlated with the duration of ventilation. VILI was aggravated in FGF21-KO mice compared with WT mice. Conversely, the administration of FGF21 alleviated VILI in both mouse and cell models. FGF21 reduced Caspase-1 activity, suppressed the mRNA levels of Nlrp3, Asc, Il-1β, Il-18, Hmgb1 and Nf-κb, and decreased the protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β, IL-18, HMGB1 and the cleaved form of GSDMD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that endogenous FGF21 signaling is triggered in response to VILI, which protects against VILI by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway. These results suggest that boosting endogenous FGF21 or the administration of recombinant FGF21 could be promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of VILI during anesthesia or critical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA No.983 Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Long Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Li Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA No.983 Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Yu Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ye Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Fei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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SUI Y, CHEN J. Hepatic FGF21: Its Emerging Role in Inter-Organ Crosstalk and Cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5928-5942. [PMID: 36263162 PMCID: PMC9576513 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is one of the FGF members with special endocrine properties. In the last twenty years, it has attracted intense research and development for its physiological functions that respond to dietary manipulation, pharmacological benefits of improving the macronutrient metabolism, and clinical values as a biomarker of various human diseases. Generally, FGF21 can be produced by major metabolic organs, but only the subgroup from the liver shows canonical endocrine properties, which emphasizes the special value of delineating the unique secretory and functional characteristics of hepatic FGF21. There has been a growth in literature to address the extra-hepatic activities of FGF21, and many striking findings have therefore been published. Yet, they are fragmented and scattered, and controversies are raised from divergent findings. For this reason, there is a need for a systematic and critical evaluation of current research in this aspect. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular biology of endocrine FGF21, especially present details on the regulation of circulating levels of FGF21. We also emphasize its emerging roles in inter-organ crosstalk and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue SUI
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping CHEN
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,✉ Corresponding author: Jianping CHEN, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. Work Telephone Numbers +852-39176479; Fax Numbers 21684259; E-mail:
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