1
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Remtulla AAN, Huber RJ. The conserved cellular roles of CLN proteins: Novel insights from Dictyostelium discoideum. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151305. [PMID: 36917916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), collectively referred to as Batten disease, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect children. The etiology of Batten disease is linked to mutations in 13 genes that encode distinct CLN proteins, whose functions have yet to be fully elucidated. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has been adopted as an efficient and powerful model system for studying the diverse cellular roles of CLN proteins. The genome of D. discoideum encodes several homologs of human CLN proteins, and a growing body of literature supports the conserved roles and networking of CLN proteins in D. discoideum and humans. In humans, CLN proteins have diverse cellular roles related to autophagy, signal transduction, lipid homeostasis, lysosomal ion homeostasis, and intracellular trafficking. Recent work also indicates that CLN proteins play an important role in protein secretion. Remarkably, many of these findings have found parallels in studies with D. discoideum. Accordingly, this review will highlight the translatable value of novel work with D. discoideum in the field of NCL research and propose further avenues of research using this biomedical model organism for studying the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A N Remtulla
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Huber
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Jana M, Dutta D, Poddar J, Pahan K. Activation of PPARα Exhibits Therapeutic Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1814-1829. [PMID: 36697260 PMCID: PMC10010460 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2447-21.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative disease of children that occurs because of defective function of the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein CLN3. JNCL features glial activation and accumulation of autofluorescent storage material containing subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase (SCMAS), ultimately resulting into neuronal loss. Until now, no effective therapy is available for JNCL. This study underlines the possible therapeutic importance of gemfibrozil, an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and a lipid-lowering drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration in an animal model of JNCL. Oral gemfibrozil treatment reduced microglial and astroglial activation, attenuated neuroinflammation, restored the level of transcription factor EB (TFEB; the master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis), and decreased the accumulation of storage material SCMAS in somatosensory barrel field (SBF) cortex of Cln3Δex7/8 (Cln3ΔJNCL) mice of both sexes. Accordingly, gemfibrozil treatment also improved locomotor activities of Cln3ΔJNCL mice. While investigating the mechanism, we found marked loss of PPARα in the SBF cortex of Cln3ΔJNCL mice, which increased after gemfibrozil treatment. Oral gemfibrozil also stimulated the recruitment of PPARα to the Tfeb gene promoter in vivo in the SBF cortex of Cln3ΔJNCL mice, indicating increased transcription of Tfeb in the CNS by gemfibrozil treatment via PPARα. Moreover, disease pathologies aggravated in Cln3ΔJNCL mice lacking PPARα (Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα) and gemfibrozil remained unable to decrease SCMAS accumulation, reduce glial activation, and improve locomotor performance of Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα mice. These results suggest that activation of PPARα may be beneficial for JNCL and that gemfibrozil may be repurposed for the treatment of this incurable disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite intense investigations, no effective therapy is available for JNCL, an incurable inherited lysosomal storage disorder. Here, we delineate that oral administration of gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, decreases glial inflammation, normalizes and/or upregulates TFEB, and reduces accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in SBF cortex to improve locomotor activities in Cln3Δex7/8 (Cln3ΔJNCL) mice. Aggravation of disease pathology in Cln3ΔJNCL mice lacking PPARα (Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα) and inability of gemfibrozil to decrease SCMAS accumulation, reduce glial activation, and improve locomotor performance of Cln3ΔJNCLΔPPARα mice delineates an important role of PPARα in this process. These studies highlight a new property of gemfibrozil and indicate its possible therapeutic use in JNCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jit Poddar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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3
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Neuronal genetic rescue normalizes brain network dynamics in a lysosomal storage disorder despite persistent storage accumulation. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2464-2473. [PMID: 35395398 PMCID: PMC9263320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neurologic symptoms occur in two-thirds of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), for most we do not understand the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. A major unanswered question is if the pathogenic hallmark of LSDs, storage accumulation, induces functional defects directly or is a disease bystander. Also, for most LSDs we do not know the impact of loss-of-function in individual cell types. Understanding these critical questions are essential to therapy development. Here, we determined the impact of genetic rescue in distinct cell types on neural circuit dysfunction in CLN3 disease, the most common pediatric dementia and a paradigmatic neurodegenerative LSD. We restored Cln3 expression via AAV-mediated gene delivery and conditional genetic rescue in a CLN3 disease mouse model. Surprisingly, we found that low-level rescue of Cln3 expression in neurons alone normalized clinically-relevant electrophysiologic markers of network dysfunction, despite the presence of substantial residual histopathology, in contrast to restoring expression in astrocytes. Thus, loss of CLN3 function in neurons, not storage accumulation, underlies neurologic dysfunction in CLN3 disease, implying that storage clearance may be an inappropriate target for therapy development and an ineffectual biomarker.
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4
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Kim WD, Wilson-Smillie MLDM, Thanabalasingam A, Lefrancois S, Cotman SL, Huber RJ. Autophagy in the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:812728. [PMID: 35252181 PMCID: PMC8888908 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also referred to as Batten disease, are a family of neurodegenerative diseases that affect all age groups and ethnicities around the globe. At least a dozen NCL subtypes have been identified that are each linked to a mutation in a distinct ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal (CLN) gene. Mutations in CLN genes cause the accumulation of autofluorescent lipoprotein aggregates, called ceroid lipofuscin, in neurons and other cell types outside the central nervous system. The mechanisms regulating the accumulation of this material are not entirely known. The CLN genes encode cytosolic, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins that are associated with a variety of cellular processes, and accumulated evidence suggests they participate in shared or convergent biological pathways. Research across a variety of non-mammalian and mammalian model systems clearly supports an effect of CLN gene mutations on autophagy, suggesting that autophagy plays an essential role in the development and progression of the NCLs. In this review, we summarize research linking the autophagy pathway to the NCLs to guide future work that further elucidates the contribution of altered autophagy to NCL pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Kim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aruban Thanabalasingam
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre D'Excellence en Recherche sur Les Maladies Orphelines–Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert J. Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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5
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A Journey towards Understanding the Molecular Pathology and Developing Therapies for Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010036. [PMID: 35011597 PMCID: PMC8750322 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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6
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Tran BN, Cheng YS, Xu M, Pradhan M, Henderson M, Zhu W, Oh E, Susumu K, Wolak M, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Carlos de la Torre J, Simeonov A, Michael SG, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effect Is Blocked by Lysosome Alkalizing Small Molecules. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1389-1408. [PMID: 33346633 PMCID: PMC7771250 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus’
pathways of infection,
virus–host–protein interactions, and mechanisms of virus-induced
cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the discovery and design of
new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine,
extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple
cellular effects including alkalizing lysosomes and blocking autophagy
as well as exhibiting dose-limiting toxicities in patients. Therefore,
we evaluated additional lysosomotropic compounds to identify an alternative
lysosome-based drug repurposing opportunity. We found that six of
these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero
E6 cells with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices
(SIs; SI = CC50/EC50) ranging from 1.5- to >10-fold.
The compounds (1) blocked lysosome functioning and autophagy, (2)
prevented pseudotyped particle entry, (3) increased lysosomal pH,
and (4) reduced (ROC-325) viral titers in the EpiAirway 3D tissue
model. Consistent with these findings, the siRNA knockdown of ATP6V0D1
blocked the HCoV-NL63 cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells. Moreover,
an analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cell lysate revealed significant
dysregulation of autophagy and lysosomal function, suggesting a contribution
of the lysosome to the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest
the lysosome as a potential host cell target to combat SARS-CoV-2
infections and inhibitors of lysosomal function could become an important
component of drug combination therapies aimed at improving treatment
and outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - Mason Wolak
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IMM6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sam G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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7
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Parenti G, Medina DL, Ballabio A. The rapidly evolving view of lysosomal storage diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12836. [PMID: 33459519 PMCID: PMC7863408 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies of several components of lysosomal function. Most commonly affected are lysosomal hydrolases, which are involved in the breakdown and recycling of a variety of complex molecules and cellular structures. The understanding of lysosomal biology has progressively improved over time. Lysosomes are no longer viewed as organelles exclusively involved in catabolic pathways, but rather as highly dynamic elements of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, involved in multiple cellular functions, including signaling, and able to adapt to environmental stimuli. This refined vision of lysosomes has substantially impacted on our understanding of the pathophysiology of lysosomal disorders. It is now clear that substrate accumulation triggers complex pathogenetic cascades that are responsible for disease pathology, such as aberrant vesicle trafficking, impairment of autophagy, dysregulation of signaling pathways, abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Novel technologies, in most cases based on high-throughput approaches, have significantly contributed to the characterization of lysosomal biology or lysosomal dysfunction and have the potential to facilitate diagnostic processes, and to enable the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Parenti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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8
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Kinarivala N, Morsy A, Patel R, Carmona AV, Sajib MS, Raut S, Mikelis CM, Al-Ahmad A, Trippier PC. An iPSC-Derived Neuron Model of CLN3 Disease Facilitates Small Molecule Phenotypic Screening. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:931-947. [PMID: 33073192 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of rare lysosomal storage disorders. The most common form of NCL occurs in children harboring a mutation in the CLN3 gene. This form is lethal with no existing cure or treatment beyond symptomatic relief. The pathophysiology of CLN3 disease is complex and poorly understood, with current in vivo and in vitro models failing to identify pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention. This study reports the characterization of the first CLN3 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived model of the blood-brain barrier and establishes the suitability of an iPSC-derived neuron model of the disease to facilitate compound screening. Upon differentiation, hallmarks of CLN3 disease are apparent, including lipofuscin and subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and attenuated Bcl-2 expression. The model led to the identification of small molecules that cleared subunit c accumulation by mTOR-independent modulation of autophagy, conferred protective effects through induction of Bcl-2 and rescued mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Ahmed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Angelica V Carmona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Md Sanaullah Sajib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Snehal Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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9
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Koepke L, Winter B, Grenzner A, Regensburger K, Engelhart S, van der Merwe JA, Krebs S, Blum H, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ. An improved method for high-throughput quantification of autophagy in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12241. [PMID: 32699244 PMCID: PMC7376206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular homeostatic pathway with functions ranging from cytoplasmic protein turnover to immune defense. Therapeutic modulation of autophagy has been demonstrated to positively impact the outcome of autophagy-dysregulated diseases such as cancer or microbial infections. However, currently available agents lack specificity, and new candidates for drug development or potential cellular targets need to be identified. Here, we present an improved method to robustly detect changes in autophagy in a high-throughput manner on a single cell level, allowing effective screening. This method quantifies eGFP-LC3B positive vesicles to accurately monitor autophagy. We have significantly streamlined the protocol and optimized it for rapid quantification of large numbers of cells in little time, while retaining accuracy and sensitivity. Z scores up to 0.91 without a loss of sensitivity demonstrate the robustness and aptness of this approach. Three exemplary applications outline the value of our protocols and cell lines: (I) Examining autophagy modulating compounds on four different cell types. (II) Monitoring of autophagy upon infection with e.g. measles or influenza A virus. (III) CRISPR/Cas9 screening for autophagy modulating factors in T cells. In summary, we offer ready-to-use protocols to generate sensitive autophagy reporter cells and quantify autophagy in high-throughput assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Winter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Grenzner
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Regensburger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Engelhart
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Xu M, Pradhan M, Tran BN, Zhu W, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Simeonov A, Michael S, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect is blocked with autophagy modulators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.16.091520. [PMID: 32511355 PMCID: PMC7259466 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.16.091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-02 is a new type of coronavirus capable of rapid transmission and causing severe clinical symptoms; much of which has unknown biological etiology. It has prompted researchers to rapidly mobilize their efforts towards identifying and developing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. Discovering and understanding the virus' pathways of infection, host-protein interactions, and cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. While it is known that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including inhibiting autophagy, there are also dose-limiting toxicities in patients that make clearly establishing their potential mechanisms-of-action problematic. Therefore, we evaluated a range of other autophagy modulators to identify an alternative autophagy-based drug repurposing opportunity. In this work, we found that 6 of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices ranging from 1.5 to >10-fold. Immunofluorescence staining for LC3B and LysoTracker dye staining assays in several cell lines indicated their potency and efficacy for inhibiting autophagy correlated with the measurements in the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect assay. Our data suggest that autophagy pathways could be targeted to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and become an important component of drug combination therapies to improve the treatment outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Sam Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
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11
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Didiasova M, Banning A, Brennenstuhl H, Jung-Klawitter S, Cinquemani C, Opladen T, Tikkanen R. Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency: An Update. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020477. [PMID: 32093054 PMCID: PMC7072817 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH-D) is a genetic disorder that results from the aberrant metabolism of the neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). The disease is caused by impaired activity of the mitochondrial enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. SSADH-D manifests as varying degrees of mental retardation, autism, ataxia, and epileptic seizures, but the clinical picture is highly heterogeneous. So far, there is no approved curative therapy for this disease. In this review, we briefly summarize the molecular genetics of SSADH-D, the past and ongoing clinical trials, and the emerging features of the molecular pathogenesis, including redox imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction. The main aim of this review is to discuss the potential of further therapy approaches that have so far not been tested in SSADH-D, such as pharmacological chaperones, read-through drugs, and gene therapy. Special attention will also be paid to elucidating the role of patient advocacy organizations in facilitating research and in the communication between researchers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Didiasova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Antje Banning
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Heiko Brennenstuhl
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | | | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.B.); (S.J.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.D.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9947-420
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