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Li Z, Zhu J, Ouyang H. Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis based on inhibiting pathological angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303012. [PMID: 38155904 PMCID: PMC10754536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the liver. This scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and can lead to liver dysfunction and failure if left untreated. It is usually caused by chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pathological angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic fibrosis by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the liver. These new vessels increase blood flow to the damaged areas of the liver, which triggers the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSCs are responsible for producing excess collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Pathological angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic fibrosis by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the liver. These new vessels increase blood flow to the damaged areas of the liver, which triggers the activation of HSCs. HSCs are responsible for producing excess collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been found to target pathological angiogenesis, thereby providing a potential treatment option for hepatic fibrosis. Several studies have demonstrated that TCM exhibits anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting the production of pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2, and by reducing the proliferation of endothelial cells. Reviewing and highlighting the unique TCM recognition of treating hepatic fibrosis by targeting pathological angiogenesis may shed light on future hepatic fibrosis research.
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Fibrosis: Types, Effects, Markers, Mechanisms for Disease Progression, and Its Relation with Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044004. [PMID: 36835428 PMCID: PMC9963026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chronic inflammatory illnesses include fibrosis as a pathogenic characteristic. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components build up in excess to cause fibrosis or scarring. The fibrotic process finally results in organ malfunction and death if it is severely progressive. Fibrosis affects nearly all tissues of the body. The fibrosis process is associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, where the balance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems appears to be a key modulator in managing these processes. Virtually every organ system, including the lungs, heart, kidney, and liver, can be affected by fibrosis, which is characterized as an excessive accumulation of connective tissue components. Organ malfunction is frequently caused by fibrotic tissue remodeling, which is also frequently linked to high morbidity and mortality. Up to 45% of all fatalities in the industrialized world are caused by fibrosis, which can damage any organ. Long believed to be persistently progressing and irreversible, fibrosis has now been revealed to be a very dynamic process by preclinical models and clinical studies in a variety of organ systems. The pathways from tissue damage to inflammation, fibrosis, and/or malfunction are the main topics of this review. Furthermore, the fibrosis of different organs with their effects was discussed. Finally, we highlight many of the principal mechanisms of fibrosis. These pathways could be considered as promising targets for the development of potential therapies for a variety of important human diseases.
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Zhang N, Yao H, Zhang Z, Li Z, Chen X, Zhao Y, Ju R, He J, Pan H, Liu X, Lv Y. Ongoing involvers and promising therapeutic targets of hepatic fibrosis: The hepatic immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1131588. [PMID: 36875101 PMCID: PMC9978172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is often secondary to chronic inflammatory liver injury. During the development of hepatic fibrosis, the damaged hepatocytes and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) caused by the pathogenic injury could secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines, which will chemotactic innate and adaptive immune cells of liver tissue and peripheral circulation infiltrating into the injury site, mediating the immune response against injury and promoting tissue reparation. However, the continuous release of persistent injurious stimulus-induced inflammatory cytokines will promote HSCs-mediated fibrous tissue hyperproliferation and excessive repair, which will cause hepatic fibrosis development and progression to cirrhosis even liver cancer. And the activated HSCs can secrete various cytokines and chemokines, which directly interact with immune cells and actively participate in liver disease progression. Therefore, analyzing the changes in local immune homeostasis caused by immune response under different pathological states will greatly enrich our understanding of liver diseases' reversal, chronicity, progression, and even deterioration of liver cancer. In this review, we summarized the critical components of the hepatic immune microenvironment (HIME), different sub-type immune cells, and their released cytokines, according to their effect on the development of progression of hepatic fibrosis. And we also reviewed and analyzed the specific changes and the related mechanisms of the immune microenvironment in different chronic liver diseases.Moreover, we retrospectively analyzed whether the progression of hepatic fibrosis could be alleviated by modulating the HIME.We aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and provide the possibility for exploring the therapeutic targets for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huimin Yao
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhixuan Zhang
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuoqun Li
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Chen
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Ju
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayi He
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Heli Pan
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Marson RF, Regner AP, da Silva Meirelles L. Mesenchymal "stem" cells, or facilitators for the development of regenerative macrophages? Pericytes at the interface of wound healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1148121. [PMID: 36936686 PMCID: PMC10017474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1148121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured mesenchymal stromal cells are among the most used cells in clinical trials. Currently, their potential benefits include provision of mature cell types through differentiation, and secretion of various types of paracrine signaling molecules. Even though research on these cells has spanned some decades now, surprisingly, their therapeutic potential has not been fully translated into clinical practice yet, which calls for further understanding of their intrinsic nature and modes of action. In this review, after discussing pieces of evidence that suggest that some perivascular cells may exhibit mesenchymal stem cell characteristics in vivo, we examine the possibility that subpopulations of perivascular and/or adventitial cells activated after tissue injury behave as MSCs and contribute to the resolution of tissue injury by providing cues for the development of regenerative macrophages at injured sites. Under this perspective, an important contribution of cultured MSCs (or their acellular products, such as extracellular vesicles) used in cell therapies would be to instigate the development of M2-like macrophages that support the tissue repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Fava Marson
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health—PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pereira Regner
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health—PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Lindolfo da Silva Meirelles
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health—PPGBioSaúde, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lindolfo da Silva Meirelles, ,
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5
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Wu B, Huang L, Wang Y, Zeng L, Lin Y, Li J, Wang S, Zhang G, An L. Yao medicine Amydrium hainanense suppresses hepatic fibrosis by repressing hepatic stellate cell activation via STAT3 signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1043022. [PMID: 36588728 PMCID: PMC9794994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1043022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hepatic fibrosis (HF) occurs in response to chronic liver injury and may easily develop into irreversible liver cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Amydrium hainanense water extract (AHWE) is a water-soluble component extracted from the Yao medicine Amydrium hainanense (H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng) H.Li, which is commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases in folk. Previous evidence suggested that AHWE significantly inhibited hepatic stellate cell activation. However, little is known regarding the therapeutic effect of AHWE in HF and its underlying action mechanism. Objective: Investigation of the therapeutic effect of AHWE in HF and its underlying mechanism. Methods: The therapeutic effect of AHWE was tested in vivo using an HF mouse model via an intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Histological evaluation of liver injury and fibrosis were tested by H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Serum levels of ALT, AST, collagen type I (Col I), and hydroxyproline (HYP) were measured. The mRNA expression of liver fibrotic and inflammatory genes were tested, and the protein levels of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) were analyzed. The in vitro experiments were conducted using HSC-T6 and RAW264.7 cell lines. Results: Treatment with AHWE significantly reversed histopathological liver damage and liver function abnormalities in CCl4 mouse model. Also, the serum levels of ALT, AST, Col I, and HYP in CCl4-induced HF mice were improved in AHWE treatment. Further, AHWE showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on the expression of fibrosis markers (Acta2, Col1a1, and Col3a1) and inflammatory factors (Stat3, Tnfa, Il6, and Il1b) induced by CCl4. The results of in vitro experiments were consistent with those obtained in vivo. In addition, it is shown that STAT3 signaling was involved in the anti-fibrotic effects of AHWE as evidenced by STAT3 overexpression. Conclusion: The present study proposed a novel ethnomedicine for HF and suggested the underlying role of STAT3 signaling pathway regulation in this anti-fibrotic effect of the proposed medicine. These findings would serve as solid scientific evidence in support of the development of AHWE as a novel alternative or complementary therapy for HF prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaogui Wang
- *Correspondence: Shaogui Wang, ; Guifang Zhang, ; Lin An,
| | - Guifang Zhang
- *Correspondence: Shaogui Wang, ; Guifang Zhang, ; Lin An,
| | - Lin An
- *Correspondence: Shaogui Wang, ; Guifang Zhang, ; Lin An,
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PERINATAL CENTRILOBULAR HEPATIC NECROSIS IN GIANT PANDAS ( AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA): A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:926-938. [PMID: 34687509 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1983 and 2012, six giant panda cubs (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) born at a zoological institution were stillborn or died between the ages of 3 and 200 h. Two of the six cubs had panhepatic centrilobular hepatic necrosis (CHN), granulocytic extramedullary hematopoiesis (GEM), positive liver culture for Staphylococcus species, and terminal liver failure. Another low-weight cub was administered oxygen therapy immediately after birth and developed hyaline membranes in air spaces and hepatic necrosis restricted to the hilar region. A retrospective analysis of liver and lung lesions, pulmonary microanatomy, blood-gas barrier ultrastructure, and hepatic myofibroblast proliferation was conducted on the six cubs. Neonates with CHN had concurrent severe periportal GEM accompanied by severe myofibroblast proliferation. The pulmonary blood-gas barrier was markedly increased in one cub with CHN. Developmentally, the lungs of all but one cub were at the late saccular stage, and the lowest-weight cub was in early saccular stage, consistent with immaturity, and had pneumonia comparable to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Stage of lung development was eliminated as the primary factor leading to CHN. The pathogenesis of CHN in these neonates is proposed to be transformation of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts initiating blockage and microvascular constriction of hepatic sinusoids, resulting in insufficient perfusion and cellular hypoxia of hepatocytes surrounding central veins in acinar zone 3.
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Bursian SJ, Link JE, McCarty M, Harr K, Roberts J, Simcik MF. Dietary Exposure of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and a Legacy Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) Containing PFOS: Effects on Reproduction and Chick Survivability and Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2521-2537. [PMID: 34157787 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and a legacy aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) containing 91% PFOS (AFFF PFOS) on reproduction, chick survivability, and growth of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were determined. Day-old Japanese quail were administered PFOS or AFFF PFOS at 6 dietary concentrations ranging from 0 to 21 mg kg-1 feed for a total of 20 wk. At the age of 4 wk, 16 male/female pairs per treatment were assigned to cages, and egg laying was induced by the age of 10 wk. Eggs were collected daily, set weekly, and incubated for 18 d for the following 10 wk. Hatchlings were fed uncontaminated feed for 2 wk and euthanized to collect blood and liver. After 10 wk of egg collection, adults were euthanized to collect blood, liver, and kidneys. Significantly increased myofiber numbers in the liver and glomerular sclerosis in the kidneys of adults indicated damage at greater doses. Perfluorooctane sulfonate or AFFF PFOS did not significantly affect egg production; however, hatchability was decreased at the highest PFOS dose. The no-observed-adverse-effect levels for chick survivability, considered the critical effect, were 4.1 mg PFOS kg feed-1 (0.55 mg kg body wt-1 d-1 ) and 5.0 mg AFFF PFOS kg feed-1 (0.66 mg kg body wt-1 d-1 ), resulting in calculated average toxicity reference values of 0.25 mg kg feed-1 and 0.034 mg kg body weight-1 d-1 . Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2521-2537. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael McCarty
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - John Roberts
- URIKA Pathology, Mukilteo, Washington, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matt F Simcik
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Teng YC, Porfírio-Sousa AL, Ribeiro GM, Arend MC, da Silva Meirelles L, Chen ES, Rosa DS, Han SW. Analyses of the pericyte transcriptome in ischemic skeletal muscles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:183. [PMID: 33726849 PMCID: PMC7962292 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects millions of people and compromises quality of life. Critical limb ischemia (CLI), which is the most advanced stage of PAD, can cause nonhealing ulcers and strong chronic pain, and it shortens the patients’ life expectancy. Cell-based angiogenic therapies are becoming a real therapeutic approach to treat CLI. Pericytes are cells that surround vascular endothelial cells to reinforce vessel integrity and regulate local blood pressure and metabolism. In the past decade, researchers also found that pericytes may function as stem or progenitor cells in the body, showing the potential to differentiate into several cell types. We investigated the gene expression profiles of pericytes during the early stages of limb ischemia, as well as the alterations in pericyte subpopulations to better understand the behavior of pericytes under ischemic conditions. Methods In this study, we used a hindlimb ischemia model to mimic CLI in C57/BL6 mice and explore the role of pericytes in regeneration. To this end, muscle pericytes were isolated at different time points after the induction of ischemia. The phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles of the pericytes isolated at these discrete time points were assessed using flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Results Ischemia triggered proliferation and migration and upregulated the expression of myogenesis-related transcripts in pericytes. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis also revealed that pericytes induce or upregulate the expression of a number of cytokines with effects on endothelial cells, leukocyte chemoattraction, or the activation of inflammatory cells. Conclusions Our findings provide a database that will improve our understanding of skeletal muscle pericyte biology under ischemic conditions, which may be useful for the development of novel pericyte-based cell and gene therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02247-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chi Teng
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Mirassol 207, São Paulo, SP, 04044-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcela Corso Arend
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Mirassol 207, São Paulo, SP, 04044-010, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Mirassol 207, São Paulo, SP, 04044-010, Brazil. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Gene Therapy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Strategies Targeting the Innate Immune Response for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Liver Fibrosis. Drugs 2021; 81:419-443. [PMID: 33400242 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) in more than 95% of treated individuals and may abolish liver injury, arrest fibrogenesis, and reverse fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, liver regeneration is usually a slow process that is less effective in the late stages of fibrosis. What is more, fibrogenesis may prevail in patients with advanced cirrhosis, where it can progress to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the development of antifibrotic drugs that halt and reverse fibrosis progression is urgently needed. Fibrosis occurs due to the repair process of damaged hepatic tissue, which eventually leads to scarring. The innate immune response against HCV is essential in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. HCV-infected hepatocytes and liver macrophages secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that promote the activation and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Prolonged ECM production by myofibroblasts due to chronic inflammation is essential to the development of fibrosis. While no antifibrotic therapy is approved to date, several drugs are being tested in phase 2 and phase 3 trials with promising results. This review discusses current state-of-the-art knowledge on treatments targeting the innate immune system to revert chronic hepatitis C-associated liver fibrosis. Agents that cause liver damage may vary (alcohol, virus infection, etc.), but fibrosis progression shows common patterns among them, including chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, hepatocyte injury, HSC activation, and excessive ECM deposition. Therefore, mechanisms underlying these processes are promising targets for general antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepulveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Szepes M, Melchert A, Dahlmann J, Hegermann J, Werlein C, Jonigk D, Haverich A, Martin U, Olmer R, Gruh I. Dual Function of iPSC-Derived Pericyte-Like Cells in Vascularization and Fibrosis-Related Cardiac Tissue Remodeling In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238947. [PMID: 33255686 PMCID: PMC7728071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial interstitial fibrosis (MIF) is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, increased myocardial stiffness, functional weakening, and compensatory cardiomyocyte (CM) hypertrophy. Fibroblasts (Fbs) are considered the principal source of ECM, but the contribution of perivascular cells, including pericytes (PCs), has gained attention, since MIF develops primarily around small vessels. The pathogenesis of MIF is difficult to study in humans because of the pleiotropy of mutually influencing pathomechanisms, unpredictable side effects, and the lack of available patient samples. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer the unique opportunity for the de novo formation of bioartificial cardiac tissue (BCT) using a variety of different cardiovascular cell types to model aspects of MIF pathogenesis in vitro. Here, we have optimized a protocol for the derivation of hPSC-derived PC-like cells (iPSC-PCs) and present a BCT in vitro model of MIF that shows their central influence on interstitial collagen deposition and myocardial tissue stiffening. This model was used to study the interplay of different cell types—i.e., hPSC-derived CMs, endothelial cells (ECs), and iPSC-PCs or primary Fbs, respectively. While iPSC-PCs improved the sarcomere structure and supported vascularization in a PC-like fashion, the functional and histological parameters of BCTs revealed EC- and PC-mediated effects on fibrosis-related cardiac tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szepes
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- REBIRTH—Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Anna Melchert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- REBIRTH—Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Julia Dahlmann
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Danny Jonigk
- REBIRTH—Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Axel Haverich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- REBIRTH—Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- REBIRTH—Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ina Gruh
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (A.H.); (U.M.); (R.O.)
- REBIRTH—Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-8901
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11
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Cruz AF, Rohban R, Esni F. Macrophages in the pancreas: Villains by circumstances, not necessarily by actions. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:807-824. [PMID: 32885589 PMCID: PMC7654401 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mounting evidence suggest that macrophages play crucial roles in disease and tissue regeneration. However, despite much efforts during the past decade, our knowledge about the extent of macrophages' contribution to adult pancreatic regeneration after injury or during pancreatic disease progression is still limited. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that some macrophage features that normally would contribute to healing and regeneration may be detrimental in pancreatic cancer. Altogether, the current literature contains conflicting reports on whether macrophages act as friends or foe in these conditions. Methods and Results In this review, we briefly review the origins of tissue resident and infiltrating macrophages and the importance of cellular crosstalking between macrophages and other resident cells in tissue regeneration. The primary objective of this review is to summarize our knowledge of the distinct roles of tissue resident and infiltrating macrophages, the impact of M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes, and emerging evidence on macrophage crosstalking in pancreatic injury, regeneration, and disease. Conclusion Macrophages are involved with various stages of pancreatic cancer development, pancreatitis, and diabetes. Elucidating their role in these conditions will aid the development of targeted therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Cruz
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rokhsareh Rohban
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Farzad Esni
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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12
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Sonzogni A, Previtali G, Seghezzi M, Grazia Alessio M, Gianatti A, Licini L, Morotti D, Zerbi P, Carsana L, Rossi R, Lauri E, Pellegrinelli A, Nebuloni M. Liver histopathology in severe COVID 19 respiratory failure is suggestive of vascular alterations. Liver Int 2020; 40:2110-2116. [PMID: 32654359 PMCID: PMC7404964 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS2-CoV-2 breakout in Italy caused a huge number of severely ill patients with a serious increase in mortality. Although lungs seem to be the main target of the infection, very few information are available about liver involvement, possibly evocating a systemic disease. Post-mortem wedge liver biopsies from 48 patients died from severe pulmonary COVID-19 disease with respiratory failure were collected from two main hospitals in northern Italy. No patient had clinical symptoms of liver disease or signs of liver failure before and during hospitalization; for each of them liver function tests were available. All liver samples showed minimal inflammation features. Histological pictures compatible with vascular alterations were observed, characterized by increase in number of portal vein branches associated with lumen massive dilatation, partial or complete luminal thrombosis of portal and sinusoidal vessels, fibrosis of portal tract, focally markedly enlarged and fibrotic. SARS-CoV-2 was found in 15 of 22 samples tested by in situ hybridization method. Our preliminary results confirm the clinical impression that liver failure is not a main concern and this organ is not the target of significant inflammatory damage. Histopathological findings are highly suggestive for marked derangement of intrahepatic blood vessel network secondary to systemic changes induced by virus that could target not only lung parenchyma but also cardiovascular system, coagulation cascade and endothelial layer of blood vessels. It still remains unclear if the mentioned changes are directly related to virus infection or if SARS-CoV-2 triggers a series of reactions leading to striking vascular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Previtali
- Department of Laboratory MedicinePapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | - Michela Seghezzi
- Department of Laboratory MedicinePapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | | | - Andrea Gianatti
- Department of PathologyPapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | - Lisa Licini
- Department of PathologyPapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | - Denise Morotti
- Department of PathologyPapa Giovanni XXIII HospitalBergamoItaly
| | - Pietro Zerbi
- Department of PathologyLuigi Sacco HospitalMilanoItaly,Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | - Luca Carsana
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | | | | | - Manuela Nebuloni
- Department of PathologyLuigi Sacco HospitalMilanoItaly,Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
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13
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Chowdhury E, Roberts J, Walz H, Hauck R, Morey A, Morgan S, Joiner K, Cattley R, Sengupta S, Wilson F, Hoerr F. Hepatic Perisinusoidal Myofibroblast Proliferation and Systemic Inflammatory Response Precedes Sep/Tox Hepatitis in Broilers. Avian Dis 2020; 65:10-17. [PMID: 34339116 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Septicemia-toxemia (sep/tox) falls under U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food safety Category 1 and is the most common and economically significant cause of broiler carcass condemnations. Hepatic lesions are considered a possible consequence of septicemia and associated bacterial contamination of the carcass. Thus, these lesions are considered an indicator of sep/tox (sep/tox hepatitis). This study was undertaken to analyze the histologic lesions preceding grossly visible liver lesions leading to condemnation because of sep/tox at the processing plant. Livers from carcasses of broilers condemned by USDA inspectors for sep/tox were used to establish microscopic and gross criteria of end-stage sep/tox hepatitis. Following the characterization of sep/tox hepatitis, broilers from a farm with a history of sep/tox condemnations were submitted for postmortem examination and bacteriologic investigation at four intervals during the final 20 days of production. Five healthy and five clinically ill chickens were submitted from four houses at 18, 25, 32, and 38 days of production (160 total). Microscopic lesions representing hepatic perisinusoidal myofibroblast proliferation (HPMP), periportal extramedullary granulopoiesis (PEMG), splenic follicular histiocytosis, and bone marrow cellularity (BMC) were graded subjectively for each bird, and subjective grading was evaluated with digital quantitative techniques. Perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cell morphology and progressive transformation of these cells into myofibroblasts was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin and desmin. Aerobic cultures of livers and gall bladders from sep/tox birds yielded no growth of bacteria associated with septicemia. Mild to severe HPMP was observed in all age groups, representing 28% of examined birds. Increases in inflammatory cells observed by PEMG and BMC were positively correlated with progressive HPMP and end-stage sep/tox hepatitis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Chowdhury
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849.,Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832
| | - John Roberts
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, .,Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832.,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Heather Walz
- Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | - Amit Morey
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | | | - Kellye Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | - Russell Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | | | - Floyd Wilson
- MVRDL & PVRDL, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS 39288
| | - Frederic Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology LLC, Fort Valley, VA 22652
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The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in NAFLD: Highlight of MicroRNA-29a in Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Beyond. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041041. [PMID: 32331364 PMCID: PMC7226429 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis and to liver fibrosis. Lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, elevated oxidative stress and the activation of proinflammatory mediators of Kupffer cells, and fibrogenic pathways of activated hepatic stellate cells can contribute to the development of NAFLD. MicroRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the dysregulated metabolism and inflammatory signaling connected with NAFLD and its progression towards more severe stages. Of note, the protective effect of non-coding miR-29a on liver damage and its versatile action on epigenetic activity, mitochondrial homeostasis and immunomodulation may improve our perception of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Herein, we review the biological functions of critical miRs in NAFLD, as well as highlight the emerging role of miR-29a in therapeutic application and the recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying its liver protective effect.
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