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Zhang C, Sun C, Zhao Y, Ye B, Yu G. Signaling pathways of liver regeneration: Biological mechanisms and implications. iScience 2024; 27:108683. [PMID: 38155779 PMCID: PMC10753089 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver possesses a unique regenerative ability to restore its original mass, in this regard, partial hepatectomy (PHx) and partial liver transplantation (PLTx) can be executed smoothly and safely, which has important implications for the treatment of liver disease. Liver regeneration (LR) can be the very complicated procedure that involves multiple cytokines and transcription factors that interact with each other to activate different signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways can drive the LR process, which can be divided into three stages, namely, the initiation, progression, and termination stages. Therefore, it is important to investigate the pathways involved in LR to elucidate the mechanism of LR. This study reviews the latest research on the key signaling pathways in the different stages of LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Caifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yabin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Bingyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - GuoYing Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Dai XM, Long ZT, Zhu FF, Li HJ, Xiang ZQ, Wu YC, Liang H, Wang Q, Zhu Z. Expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs during the proliferative phase of liver regeneration in mice with liver fibrosis. Genomics 2023; 115:110707. [PMID: 37722434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of lncRNAs in the regeneration of fibrotic liver is unclear. To address this issue, we established a 70% hepatectomy model of liver fibrosis in mice, used high-throughput sequencing technology to obtain the expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, and constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. A total of 1329 lncRNAs, 167 miRNAs, and 6458 mRNAs were differentially expressed. On this basis, a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network consisting of 38 DE lncRNAs, 24 DE miRNAs, and 299 DE mRNAs was constructed, and a transcription factor (TF) - mRNA regulatory network composed of 20 TFs and 98 DE mRNAs was built. Through the protein network analysis, a core protein interaction network composed of 20 hub genes was derived. Furthermore, Xist/miR-144-3p/Cdc14b and Snhg3/miR-365-3p/Map3k14 axes in the ceRNA regulatory network were verified by Real-Time quantitative PCR. Therefore, we concluded that these new insights may further our understanding of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhang-Tao Long
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Feng-Feng Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hua-Jian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Ya-Chen Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hao Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Zhu Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Education and Training, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Zhao Y, Ye W, Wang YD, Chen WD. HGF/c-Met: A Key Promoter in Liver Regeneration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808855. [PMID: 35370682 PMCID: PMC8968572 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a peptide-containing multifunctional cytokine that acts on various epithelial cells to regulate cell growth, movement and morphogenesis, and tissue regeneration of injured organs. HGF is sequestered by heparin-like protein in its inactive form and is widespread in the extracellular matrix of most tissues. When the liver loses its average mass, volume, or physiological and biochemical functions due to various reasons, HGF binds to its specific receptor c-Met (cellular mesenchymal-epithelial transition) and transmits the signals into the cells, and triggers the intrinsic kinase activity of c-Met. The downstream cascades of HGF/c-Met include JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt/NF-κB, and Ras/Raf pathways, affecting cell proliferation, growth, and survival. HGF has important clinical significance for liver fibrosis, hepatocyte regeneration after inflammation, and liver regeneration after transplantation. And the development of HGF as a biological drug for regenerative therapy of diseases, that is, using recombinant human HGF protein to treat disorders in clinical trials, is underway. This review summarizes the recent findings of the HGF/c-Met signaling functions in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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BMP9 Promotes an Epithelial Phenotype and a Hepatocyte-like Gene Expression Profile in Adult Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030365. [PMID: 35159174 PMCID: PMC8834621 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, has emerged as a new player in chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Its levels increase in the fibrotic liver where it promotes fibrogenesis. It also regulates hepatic progenitor cells (oval cells in rodents), a cell population that contributes to repopulate the liver and recover functionality upon severe damage, but it can also be pro-fibrogenic, depending upon the hepatic microenvironment. Here we analyze the effect of chronic exposure to BMP9 in oval cells. We show that cells chronically treated with BMP9 (B9T-OC) display a more epithelial and hepatocyte-like phenotype while acquiring proliferative and survival advantages. Since our previous studies had revealed a functional crosstalk between BMP9 and the HGF/c-Met signaling pathways in oval cells, we analyzed a possible role for HGF/c-Met in BMP9-induced long-term effects. Data evidence that active c-Met signaling is necessary to obtain maximum effects in terms of BMP9-triggered hepatocytic differentiation potential, further supporting functionally relevant cooperation between these pathways. In conclusion, our work reveals a novel action of BMP9 in liver cells and helps elucidate the mechanisms that serve to increase oval cell regenerative potential, which could be therapeutically modulated in CLD.
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Tao J, Chen Y, Zhuang Y, Wei R, Getachew A, Pan T, Yang F, Li Y. Inhibition of Hedgehog Delays Liver Regeneration through Disrupting the Cell Cycle. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:470-482. [PMID: 35723318 PMCID: PMC8928988 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complicated biological process orchestrated by various liver resident cells. Hepatic cell proliferation and reconstruction of the hepatic architecture involve multiple signaling pathways. It has been reported that the Hh signal is involved in liver regeneration. However, the signal transduction pathways and cell types involved are ill studied. This study aimed to investigate hedgehog signal response cell types and the specific molecular mechanism involved in the process of liver regeneration. Partial hepatectomy (PH) of 70% was performed on ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice to study the process of liver regeneration. We found that the hedgehog signal was activated significantly after PH, including hedgehog ligands, receptors and intracellular signaling molecules. Ligand signals were mainly expressed in bile duct cells and non-parenchymal hepatic cells, while receptors were expressed in hepatocytes and some non-parenchymal cells. Inhibition of the hedgehog signal treated with vismodegib reduced the liver regeneration rate after partial hepatectomy, including inhibition of hepatic cell proliferation by decreasing Cyclin D expression and disturbing the cell cycle through the accumulation of Cyclin B. The current study reveals the important role of the hedgehog signal and its participation in the regulation of hepatic cell proliferation and the cell cycle during liver regeneration. It provides new insight into the recovery of the liver after liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Tao
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Yuanqi Zhuang
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Ruzhi Wei
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Anteneh Getachew
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Tingcai Pan
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Yinxiong Li
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.T.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (T.P.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(020)-3201-5207
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The Dual Effect of the BMP9-ALK1 Pathway in Blood Vessels: An Opportunity for Cancer Therapy Improvement? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215412. [PMID: 34771575 PMCID: PMC8582496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The modulation of tumor blood vessels is a great opportunity for improving cancer therapies. Understanding the cellular and molecular players that regulate the biology of tumor blood vessels and tumor angiogenesis is necessary for the development of new anti-tumor strategies. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is a circulating factor with multiple effects in vascular biology through its receptor activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1). In this review, we give an overview of the possible benefits of modulating BMP9–ALK1 functions for cancer therapy improvement. Abstract The improvement of cancer therapy efficacy, the extension of patient survival and the reduction of adverse side effects are major challenges in cancer research. Targeting blood vessels has been considered a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Since the tumor vasculature is disorganized, leaky and triggers immunosuppression and tumor hypoxia, several strategies have been studied to modify tumor vasculature for cancer therapy improvement. Anti-angiogenesis was first described as a mechanism to prevent the formation of new blood vessels and prevent the oxygen supply to tumor cells, showing numerous limitations. Vascular normalization using low doses of anti-angiogenic drugs was purposed to overcome the limitations of anti-angiogenic therapies. Other strategies such as vascular promotion or the induction of high endothelial venules are being studied now to improve cancer therapy. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) exerts a dual effect through the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) receptor in blood vessel maturation or activation phase of angiogenesis. Thus, it is an interesting pathway to target in combination with chemotherapies or immunotherapies. This review manuscript explores the effect of the BMP9–ALK1 pathway in tumor angiogenesis and the possible usefulness of targeting this pathway in anti-angiogenesis, vascular normalization or vascular promotion therapies.
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Kim M, Reinhard C, Niehrs C. A MET-PTPRK kinase-phosphatase rheostat controls ZNRF3 and Wnt signaling. eLife 2021; 10:70885. [PMID: 34590584 PMCID: PMC8516413 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets Wnt receptors for ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation. Previously, we showed that dephosphorylation of an endocytic tyrosine motif (4Y motif) in ZNRF3 by protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type kappa (PTPRK) promotes ZNRF3 internalization and Wnt receptor degradation (Chang et al 2020). However, a responsible protein tyrosine kinase(s) (PTK) phosphorylating the 4Y motif remained elusive. Here we identify the proto-oncogene MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor) as a 4Y kinase. MET binds to ZNRF3 and induces 4Y phosphorylation, stimulated by the MET ligand HGF (hepatocyte growth factor, scatter factor). HGF-MET signaling reduces ZNRF3-dependent Wnt receptor degradation thereby enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conversely, depletion or pharmacological inhibition of MET promotes the internalization of ZNRF3 and Wnt receptor degradation. We conclude that HGF-MET signaling phosphorylates- and PTPRK dephosphorylates ZNRF3 to regulate ZNRF3 internalization, functioning as a rheostat for Wnt signaling that may offer novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseong Kim
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Reinhard
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
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Chen H, Nio K, Yamashita T, Okada H, Li R, Suda T, Li Y, Doan PTB, Seki A, Nakagawa H, Toyama T, Terashima T, Iida N, Shimakami T, Takatori H, Kawaguchi K, Sakai Y, Yamashita T, Mizukoshi E, Honda M, Kaneko S. BMP9-ID1 signaling promotes EpCAM-positive cancer stem cell properties in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2203-2218. [PMID: 33834612 PMCID: PMC8333780 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The malignant nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Bone morphologic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) superfamily, was recently reported to be involved in liver diseases including cancer. We aimed to elucidate the role of BMP9 signaling in HCC‐CSC properties and to assess the therapeutic effect of BMP receptor inhibitors in HCC. We have identified that high BMP9 expression in tumor tissues or serum from patients with HCC leads to poorer outcome. BMP9 promoted CSC properties in epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)‐positive HCC subtype via enhancing inhibitor of DNA‐binding protein 1 (ID1) expression in vitro. Additionally, ID1 knockdown significantly repressed BMP9‐promoted HCC‐CSC properties by suppressing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Interestingly, cells treated with BMP receptor inhibitors K02288 and LDN‐212854 blocked HCC‐CSC activation by inhibiting BMP9‐ID1 signaling, in contrast to cells treated with the TGF‐β receptor inhibitor galunisertib. Treatment with LDN‐212854 suppressed HCC tumor growth by repressing ID1 and EpCAM in vivo. Our study demonstrates the pivotal role of BMP9‐ID1 signaling in promoting HCC‐CSC properties and the therapeutic potential of BMP receptor inhibitors in treating EpCAM‐positive HCC. Therefore, targeting BMP9‐ID1 signaling could offer novel therapeutic options for patients with malignant HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Kouki Nio
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of General MedicineKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Hikari Okada
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Ru Li
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Suda
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Yingyi Li
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | | | - Akihiro Seki
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | | | - Tadashi Toyama
- Innovative Clinical Research CenterKanazawa UniversityJapan
| | | | - Noriho Iida
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | | | - Hajime Takatori
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | | | - Yoshio Sakai
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | | | | | - Masao Honda
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of GastroenterologyKanazawa University HospitalJapan
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Fabregat I, Herrera B, Sánchez A. Editorial Special Issue TGF-beta/BMP Signaling Pathway. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112363. [PMID: 33121103 PMCID: PMC7693659 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily plays key roles in development and tissue homeostasis, controlling the maintenance and regeneration of mature tissues. Cytokines belonging to this family can be multifunctional (TGF-β and bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs) or develop highly specialized functions (anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH, or growth differentiation factor 8, myostatin, GDF8) and they control a variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell death, adhesion and movement, metabolism, pluripotency and stemness. (...).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (B.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (B.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (B.H.); (A.S.)
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