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Clegg W, Nichol GS. The Sensitivity of Structure to Ionic Radius and Reaction Stoichiometry: A Crystallographic Study of Metal Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding in Barbiturate Complexes of All Five Alkali Metals Li-Cs. Molecules 2024; 29:1495. [PMID: 38611775 PMCID: PMC11012986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A systematic study has been conducted on barbiturate complexes of all five alkali metals, Li-Cs, prepared from metal carbonates or hydroxides in an aqueous solution without other potential ligands present, varying the stoichiometric ratio of metal ion to barbituric acid (BAH). Eight polymeric coordination compounds (two each for Na, K, and Rb and one each for Li and Cs) have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All contain some combination of barbiturate anion BA- (necessarily in a 1:1 ratio with the metal cation M+), barbituric acid, and water. All organic species and water molecules are coordinated to the metal centres via oxygen atoms as either terminal or bridging ligands. Coordination numbers range from 4 (for the Li complex) to 8 (for the Cs complex). Extensive hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in all the crystal structures, almost all of which include pairs of N-H···O hydrogen bonds linking BA- and/or BAH components into ribbons extending in one dimension. Factors influencing the structure adopted by each compound include cation size and reaction stoichiometry as well as hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
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Braun D, Rivalta A, Giunchi A, Bedoya-Martinez N, Schrode B, Venuti E, Della Valle RG, Werzer O. Surface Induced Phenytoin Polymorph. 1. Full Structure Solution by Combining Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction and Crystal Structure Prediction. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2019; 19:6058-6066. [PMID: 31728132 PMCID: PMC6839513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior and properties of molecules assembled in thin layers requires knowledge of their crystalline packing. The drug phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin) is one of the compounds that can be grown as a surface induced polymorph. By using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, the monoclinic unit cell of the new form II can be determined, but, due to crystal size and the low amount of data, a full solution using conventional structure solving strategies fails. In this work, the full solution has been obtained by combining computational structure generation and experimental results. The comparison between the bulk and the new surface induced phase reveals significant packing differences of the hydrogen-bonding network, which might be the reason for the faster dissolution of form II with respect to form I. The results are very satisfactory, and the method might be adapted for other systems, where, due to the limited amount of experimental data, one must rely on additional approaches to gain access to more detailed information to understand the solid-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris
E. Braun
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arianna Rivalta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Giunchi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Univertitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Guido Della Valle
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Univertitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Gelbrich T, Griesser UJ. Buthalital and methitural - 5,5-substituted derivatives of 2-thio-barbituric acid forming the same type of hydrogen-bonded chain. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2017; 73:1908-1912. [PMID: 29250413 PMCID: PMC5730250 DOI: 10.1107/s205698901701653x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mol-ecule of buthalital, (I) [systematic name: 5-(2-methyl-prop-yl)-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2-sulfanyl-idene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione], C11H16N2O2S, exhibits a planar pyrimidine ring, whereas the pyrimidine ring of methitural, (II) [systematic name: 5-(1-methyl-but-yl)-5-[2-(methyl-sulfan-yl)eth-yl]-2-sulfanyl-idene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione], C12H20N2O2S2, is slightly puckered. (I) and (II) contain the same hydrogen-bonded chain structure in which each mol-ecule is connected, via four N-H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds, to two other mol-ecules, resulting in a hydrogen-bonded chain displaying a sequence of R22(8) rings. The same type of N-H⋯O=C hydrogen-bonded chain has previously been found in several 5,5-disubstituted derivatives of barbituric acid which are chemically closely related to (I) and (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gelbrich
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich J. Griesser
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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