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Nogrado K, Adisakwattana P, Reamtong O. Human gnathostomiasis: A review on the biology of the parasite with special reference on the current therapeutic management. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 33:e00207. [PMID: 37719690 PMCID: PMC10502356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gnathostoma is a parasitic nematode that can infect a wide range of animal species, but human populations have become accidental hosts because of their habit of eating raw or undercooked meat from a wide variety of intermediate hosts. While gnathostomiasis is considered an endemic disease, cases of human gnathostomiasis have been increasing over time, most notably in nonendemic areas. There are several complexities to this parasitic disease, and this review provides an update on human gnathostomiasis, including the life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and treatment strategies used to combat drug resistance. Even now, a definitive diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is still challenging because it is difficult to isolate larvae for parasitological confirmation. Another reason is the varying clinical symptoms recorded in reported cases. Clinical cases can be confirmed by immunodiagnosis. For Gnathosotoma spinigerum, the detection of IgG against a specific antigenic band with a molecular weight of 24 kDa from G. spinigerum advanced third-stage larvae (aL3), while for other species of Gnathostoma including G. binucleatum, the 33-kDa antigen protein is being used. This review also discusses cases of recurrence of gnathostomiasis and resistance mechanisms to two effective chemotherapeutics (albendazole and ivermectin) used against gnathostomiasis. This is significant, especially when planning strategies to combat anthelmintic resistance. Lastly, while no new chemotherapeutics against gnathostomiasis have been made available, we describe the management of recurrent gnathostomiasis using albendazole and ivermectin combinations or extensions of drug treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathyleen Nogrado
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sadaow L, Rodpai R, Janwan P, Boonroumkaew P, Sanpool O, Thanchomnang T, Yamasaki H, Ittiprasert W, Mann VH, Brindley PJ, Maleewong W, Intapan PM. An Innovative Test for the Rapid Detection of Specific IgG Antibodies in Human Whole-Blood for the Diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:308. [PMID: 36288049 PMCID: PMC9607866 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic human liver fluke infections caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis can last for decades and cause liver and biliary diseases, including life-threatening pathology prior to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). CCA generally has a poor prognosis. Serological diagnosis can support parasitological examination in diagnosing disease and screening for the risk of CCA. Here, we present an improved and innovative lateral flow immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit that uses whole-blood samples (WBS) rather than serum to diagnose human opisthorchiasis, which also successfully diagnosed human clonorchiasis. This ICT includes a soluble worm extract of O. viverrini adults and colloidal-gold-labeled conjugates of the IgG antibody to evaluate the diagnostic values with simulated WBS (n = 347). Simulated WBS were obtained by the spiking infection sera with red blood cells. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for detecting opisthorchiasis were 95.5%, 87.0%, 80.5%, 97.2%, and 90.1%, respectively. For clonorchiasis, these findings were 85.7%, 87.0%, 53.6%, 97.2%, and 86.8%, respectively. Combined for both diseases, they were 93.2%, 87.0%, 84.0%, 94.6%, and 89.6%, respectively. The ICT kit can possibly replace the ICT platforms for antibody detection in serum samples in field surveys in remote areas where sophisticated equipment is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Lee SH, Oh TK, Oh S, Kim S, Noh HB, Vinod N, Lee JY, Moon ES, Choi CW. Development of a Kit for Rapid Immunochromatographic Detection of Sacbrood Virus Infecting Apis cerana (AcSBV) Based on Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Recombinant VP1 and VP2 Expressed in Escherichia coli. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122439. [PMID: 34960707 PMCID: PMC8707083 DOI: 10.3390/v13122439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Korean isolate of the sacbrood virus infecting Apis cerana (AcSBV-Kor) is the most destructive honeybee virus, causing serious economic damage losses in Korean apiculture. To address this, here, we attempted to develop an assay for the rapid detection of AcSBV-Kor based on immunochromatographic detection of constituent viral proteins. Genes encoding VP1 and VP2 proteins of AcSBV-Kor were cloned into an expression vector (pET-28a) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). During purification, recombinant VP1 (rVP1) and VP2 (rVP2) proteins were found in the insoluble fraction, with a molecular size of 26.7 and 24.9 kDa, respectively. BALB/c mice immunized with the purified rVP1 and rVP2 produced polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) such as pAb-rVP1 and pAb-rVP2. Western blot analysis showed that pAb-rVP1 strongly reacted with the homologous rVP1 but weakly reacted with heterologous rVP2. However, pAb-rVP2 strongly reacted not only with the homologous rVP2 but also with the heterologous rVP1. Spleen cells of the immunized mice fused with SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as mAb-rVP1-1 and mAb-rVP2-13. Western blot analysis indicated that pAb-rVP1, pAb-rVP2, mAb-rVP1-1, and mAb-rVP2-13 reacted with AcSBV-infected honeybees and larvae as well as the corresponding recombinant proteins. These antibodies were then used in the development of a rapid immunochromatography (IC) strip assay kit with colloidal gold coupled to pAb-rVP1 and pAb-rVP2 at the conjugate pad and mAb-rVP1-1 and mAb-rVP2-13 at the test line. One antibody pair, pAb-rVP1/mAb-VP1-1, showed positive reactivity as low as 1.38 × 103 copies, while the other pair, pAb-rVP2/mAb-VP2-13, showed positive reactivity as low as 1.38 × 104 copies. Therefore, the antibody pair pAb-rVP1/mAb-VP1-1 was selected as a final candidate for validation. To validate the detection of AcSBV, the IC strip tests were conducted with 50 positive and 50 negative samples and compared with real-time PCR tests. The results confirm that the developed IC assay is a sufficiently sensitive and specific detection method for user-friendly and rapid detection of AcSBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | | | - Sung Oh
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Seongdae Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Han Byul Noh
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Nagarajan Vinod
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Eun Sun Moon
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Chang Won Choi
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea; (S.H.L.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (H.B.N.); (N.V.); (J.Y.L.); (E.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-520-5617
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