The Incremental Prognostic Value of E/(e'×s') Ratio in Non-ST-Segment Elevated Acute Coronary Syndrome

Use of Indices Combining Diastolic and Systolic Tissue Doppler Variables to Evaluate Right Ventricular Function in Dogs With Pulmonary Stenosis

BACKGROUND

Indices combining diastolic and systolic tissue Doppler variables, the Ee's' index (E/[e' × s']) and e'a's' index (e'/[a' × s']), have aided detection of myocardial dysfunction and in prediction of poor outcomes in humans with cardiovascular diseases. Studies of Ee's' and e'a's' indices in dogs have not been performed.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

Dogs with pulmonary stenosis (PS) have elevated right ventricular (RV) Ee's' and e'a's' indices compared to healthy dogs, which will decrease after pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (BV) or stent implantation.

ANIMALS

Thirty client-owned dogs (15 healthy, 15 with PS).

METHODS

Cross-sectional study. All dogs had echocardiography performed, including the measurement of RV diastolic and systolic variables and calculation of the Ee's' and e'a's' indices. Dogs with PS had echocardiography performed prior to and after interventional procedures.

RESULTS

The Ee's' index was lower (p = < 0.001) in healthy dogs (median 0.43, range 0.23-0.74) compared to dogs with PS pre-operatively (1.49, 0.28-3.79). The e'a's' index was lower (p = 0.039) in healthy dogs (mean 8.03 ± 3.28) compared to dogs with PS pre-operatively (11.39 ± 4.03). Compared to pre-operative values, the Ee's' index (1.01, 0.36-1.62) and e'a's' index (8.35 ± 3.29) decreased (p = 0.018, p = 0.001, respectively) after pulmonary intervention in dogs with PS.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Dogs with PS have RV myocardial dysfunction that can be measured with Ee's' and e'a's' indices, and these values can be used to monitor response to pulmonary intervention over time. These findings suggest that calculation of Ee's' and e'a's' indices might have clinical importance in long-term management of dogs with PS.

Prognostic Value of Advanced Echocardiography in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases caused 20.5 million deaths in 2021, making up nearly one-third of global mortality. This highlights the need for practical prognostic markers to better classify patients and guide treatment, especially in ischemic heart disease (IHD), which represents one of the leading causes of CV mortality. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a key, non-invasive imaging tool widely used in cardiology for diagnosing and managing a range of CV conditions. It is the first choice for diagnosing and monitoring patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Alongside well-established echocardiographic measures, new techniques have proven useful for predicting adverse events in IHD patients, such as three-dimensional (3D) and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and speckle tracking technology. This review aims to explore the latest echocardiographic tools that could provide new prognostic markers for patients in the acute phase and during follow-up after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We focus on new imaging methods like TDI, myocardial work index (MWI), speckle-tracking strain, and 3D technologies using TTE, which are easy to use and widely available at all stages of coronary artery disease (CAD).

Assessing the Relationship between Indexed Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness, Oxidative Stress in Adipocytes, and Coronary Artery Disease Complexity in Open-Heart Surgery Patients

Background and Objectives: This cross-sectional study conducted at the Timișoara Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Romania, and the Centre for Translational Research and Systems Medicine from "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timișoara, Romania, investigated the relationship between indexed epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATTi) and oxidative stress in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) adipocytes in the context of coronary artery disease (CAD) among open-heart surgery patients. The objective was to elucidate the contribution of EATTi as an additional marker for complexity prediction in patients with CAD, potentially influencing clinical decision-making in surgical settings. Materials and Methods: The study included 25 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with a mean age of 65.16 years and a body mass index of 27.61 kg/m2. Oxidative stress in EAT was assessed using the ferrous iron xylenol orange oxidation spectrophotometric assay. The patients were divided into three groups: those with valvular heart disease without CAD, patients with CAD without diabetes mellitus (DM), and patients with both CAD and DM. The CAD complexity was evaluated using the SYNTAX score. Results: The EATTi showed statistically significant elevations in the patients with both CAD and DM (mean 5.27 ± 0.67 mm/m2) compared to the CAD without DM group (mean 3.78 ± 1.05 mm/m2, p = 0.024) and the valvular disease without CAD group (mean 2.67 ± 0.83 mm/m2, p = 0.001). Patients with SYNTAX scores over 32 had significantly higher EATTi (5.27 ± 0.66 mm/m2) compared to those with lower scores. An EATTi greater than 4.15 mm/m2 predicted more complex CAD (SYNTAX score >22) with 80% sensitivity and 86% specificity. The intra- and interobserver reproducibility for the EATTi measurement were excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient 0.911, inter-class correlation coefficient 0.895). Conclusions: EATTi is significantly associated with CAD complexity in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. It serves as a reliable indicator of more intricate CAD forms, as reflected by higher SYNTAX scores. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of EATTi in pre-operative assessment, suggesting its potential utility as a prognostic marker in cardiac surgical patients.

The association between tissue doppler-derived E/(e's') ratio and coronary atherosclerosis severity measured by the SYNTAX score in patients with non-ST elevation-acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of patients hospitalized with non-ST elevation-acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is typically determined by the existence and severity of myocardial necrosis and left ventricular (LV) remodeling.

AIM

The present study was to assess the association between the E/(e's') ratio and the coronary atherosclerosis severity, measured by the SYNTAX score, in patients with NSTE-ACS.

METHODS

Utilizing a descriptive correlational research design, this study was prospectively conducted on 252 patients with NSTE-ACS, undergoing an echocardiography to determine the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the left atrial (LA) volume, the pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler-derived transmitral early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities, and the tissue Doppler (TD)-derived mitral annular early diastolic (e') and peak systolic (s') velocities. After that, a coronary angiography (CAG) was performed, and the SYNTAX score was calculated.

RESULTS

The patients were divided into two groups, viz., those with the E/(e's') ratio < 1.63 and the cases with the ratio ≥ 1.63. The results revealed that the patients with a high ratio were older, had a higher prevalence of females, a SYNTAX score ≥ 22, and a lower glomerular filtration rate than those with a low ratio (p-value < 0.001). Besides, these patients had larger indexed LA volume and lower LVEF than others (p-value: 0.028 and 0.023, respectively). Furthermore, the multiple linear regression outcomes established a positive independent association between the E/(e's') ratio ≥ 1.63 (B = 5.609, 95% CI 2.324-8.894, p-value = 0.001) and the SYNTAX score.

CONCLUSION

The study results demonstrated that the patients hospitalized with NSTE-ACS and the E/(e's') ratio ≥ 1.63 had worse demographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory profiles and a higher prevalence of a SYNTAX score ≥ 22 than those with a lower ratio.