Can Self-Administered Rapid Antigen Tests (RATs) Help Rural India? An Evaluation of the CoviSelf Kit as a Response to the 2019–2022 COVID-19 Pandemic

Electrochemical microfluidic biosensors for the detection of cancer biomarker miRNAs

Cancer is a formidable adversary in contemporary healthcare. Routine screening and early diagnosis are crucial for favourable therapeutic outcomes. Publications, clinical trials, and patent landscape analysis suggest miRNA as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers. This review intends to shed a holistic view of the current and futuristic methods for electrochemical biosensing platforms, using miRNA as biomarkers, coupled with microfluidics, machine learning techniques, and portable electronic devices. Electrochemical biosensors are thoroughly reviewed as they are promising candidate in the design and development of such devices where there is an in-depth exploration of the existing molecular techniques and sophisticated electrochemical biosensing strategies developed for the detection of miRNAs. Additionally, the review will critically analyze diverse signal enhancement strategies and microfluidic platforms specifically tailored for the detection of miRNA. Practical examples of such integrated electrochemical microfluidic biosensors are thoroughly cited along with the prospect of integration of these techniques with portable electronics, highlighting the future potential of highly integrated and accessible diagnostic solutions. Furthermore, the review will also encompass an assessment of the ongoing clinical trials investigating the utility of miRNA as cancer biomarker in diagnostic settings. Moreover, by assessing existing patents, the review shall provide a nuanced understanding of the intellectual property landscape, identifying key players, emerging technologies, and potential future directions. Our review with a 360-degree updated view on molecular biology components, electrochemical biosensors, engineering device design, clinical trials and patent landscape would appeal to researchers, engineers and clinicians working in the area of cancer molecular diagnosis.