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Gaitanis G, Seretis K, Zampeta A, Spyridonos P, Bassukas ID. A single-centre retrospective comparison of immunocryosurgery with standard surgical excision for the treatment of non-superficial, head and neck basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:e134-e136. [PMID: 37641949 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - K Seretis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - A Zampeta
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - P Spyridonos
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - I D Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Pavlou E, Gaitanis G, Bassukas ID, Kourkoumelis N. BCC and Immunocryosurgery scar differentiation through computational resolution-enhanced OCT images and skin optical attenuation: A proof-of-concept study. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15019. [PMID: 38284205 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring medical therapy remains a challenging task across all non-surgical skin cancer treatment modalities. In addition, confirmation of residual tumours after treatment is essential for the early detection of potential relapses. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a non-invasive method for real-time cross-sectional imaging of living tissue, is a promising imaging approach for assessing relatively flat, near-surface skin lesions, such as those that occur in most basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), at the time of diagnosis. However, the skin's inherent property of strong light scattering impedes the implementation of OCT in these cases due to the poor image quality. Furthermore, translating OCT's optical parameters into practical use in routine clinical settings is complicated due to substantial observer subjectivity. In this retrospective pilot study, we developed a workflow based on the upscale of the OCT images resolution using a deep generative adversarial network and the estimation of the skin optical attenuation coefficient. At the site of immunocryosurgery-treated BCC, the proposed methodology can extract optical parameters and discriminate objectively between tumour foci and scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Pavlou
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Peris K, Fargnoli MC, Kaufmann R, Arenberger P, Bastholt L, Seguin NB, Bataille V, Brochez L, Del Marmol V, Dummer R, Forsea AM, Gaudy-Marqueste C, Harwood CA, Hauschild A, Höller C, Kandolf L, Kellerners-Smeets NWJ, Lallas A, Leiter U, Malvehy J, Marinović B, Mijuskovic Z, Moreno-Ramirez D, Nagore E, Nathan P, Stratigos AJ, Stockfleth E, Tagliaferri L, Trakatelli M, Vieira R, Zalaudek I, Garbe C. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma-update 2023. Eur J Cancer 2023; 192:113254. [PMID: 37604067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant tumour in white populations. Multidisciplinary experts from European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), European Dermatology Forum, European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO), Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes, and the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology developed updated recommendations on diagnosis and treatment of BCC. BCCs were categorised into 'easy-to-treat' (common) and 'difficult-to-treat' according to the new EADO clinical classification. Diagnosis is based on clinico-dermatoscopic features, although histopathological confirmation is mandatory in equivocal lesions. The first-line treatment of BCC is complete surgery. Micrographically controlled surgery shall be offered in high-risk and recurrent BCC, and BCC located on critical anatomical sites. Topical therapies and destructive approaches can be considered in patients with low-risk superficial BCC. Photodynamic therapy is an effective treatment for superficial and low-risk nodular BCCs. Management of 'difficult-to-treat' BCCs should be discussed by a multidisciplinary tumour board. Hedgehog inhibitors (HHIs), vismodegib or sonidegib, should be offered to patients with locally advanced and metastatic BCC. Immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies (cemiplimab) is a second-line treatment in patients with a progression of disease, contraindication, or intolerance to HHI therapy. Radiotherapy represents a valid alternative in patients who are not candidates for or decline surgery, especially elderly patients. Electrochemotherapy may be offered when surgery or radiotherapy is contraindicated. In Gorlin patients, regular skin examinations are required to diagnose and treat BCCs at an early stage. Long-term follow-up is recommended in patients with high-risk BCC, multiple BCCs, and Gorlin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Peris
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Petr Arenberger
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Bastholt
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Veronique Bataille
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Marie Forsea
- Department of Oncologic Dermatology, Elias University Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Höller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lidija Kandolf
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nicole W J Kellerners-Smeets
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (Melanoma Unit), University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona & CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Branka Marinović
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Mijuskovic
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - David Moreno-Ramirez
- Dermatology. Medicine School, University of Seville, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville-Spain
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alexander J Stratigos
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Luca Tagliaferri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC di Radioterapia, Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Radioterapiche ed Ematologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Myrto Trakatelli
- Second Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ricardo Vieira
- Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claus Garbe
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
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Martínez-Fernández S, González-Sixto B, Espasandín-Arias M, Soto-García D, Flórez Á. Topical and Intralesional Immunotherapy for Melanoma In Situ: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4468. [PMID: 37760438 PMCID: PMC10526313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of in situ melanoma (MIS) has increased over the last decades. The mainstay of treatment for MIS, including lentigo maligna (LM), is complete surgical excision with clear margins (0.5 to 1.0 cm). Nevertheless, MIS lesions often affect elderly patients with comorbidities and involve large lesions in cosmetically sensitive areas, which means surgery is not always appropriate. Non-surgical treatments have a role in these cases, and include radiotherapy, cryosurgery, immunotherapy, laser therapy, and other topical medications. This study aims to review the applications of immunotherapy in MIS, either in monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic alternatives. The main forms of immunotherapy used are imiquimod and, to a lesser extent, intralesional interferon-α (IL-INF-α) and ingenol mebutate (IM). IL-INF-α and IM have not been studied as extensively as imiquimod, whose results in real-life practice are encouraging. The clearance and recurrence rates reported in MIS treated with imiquimod as monotherapy, or as an adjuvant after surgery with affected or narrow margins, make imiquimod a reliable therapeutic alternative in selected cases. Also, its use as a neoadjuvant therapy before surgery was shown to reduce the final surgical defect size required to confirm negative histologic margins. In conclusion, local immunotherapy is frequently used in clinical practice and experience confirms it to be an excellent option for certain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Dermatology, Pontevedra University Hospital, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain; (B.G.-S.); (M.E.-A.); (D.S.-G.); (Á.F.)
- DIPO Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Beatriz González-Sixto
- Department of Dermatology, Pontevedra University Hospital, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain; (B.G.-S.); (M.E.-A.); (D.S.-G.); (Á.F.)
- DIPO Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Martina Espasandín-Arias
- Department of Dermatology, Pontevedra University Hospital, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain; (B.G.-S.); (M.E.-A.); (D.S.-G.); (Á.F.)
- DIPO Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Diego Soto-García
- Department of Dermatology, Pontevedra University Hospital, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain; (B.G.-S.); (M.E.-A.); (D.S.-G.); (Á.F.)
- DIPO Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ángeles Flórez
- Department of Dermatology, Pontevedra University Hospital, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain; (B.G.-S.); (M.E.-A.); (D.S.-G.); (Á.F.)
- DIPO Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Pontevedra, Spain
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Spyridonos P, Gaitanis G, Likas A, Seretis K, Moschovos V, Feldmeyer L, Heidemeyer K, Zampeta A, Bassukas ID. Image Perceptual Similarity Metrics for the Assessment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3539. [PMID: 37509205 PMCID: PMC10377636 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient management of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) requires reliable assessments of both tumors and post-treatment scars. We aimed to estimate image similarity metrics that account for BCC's perceptual color and texture deviation from perilesional skin. In total, 176 clinical photographs of BCC were assessed by six physicians using a visual deviation scale. Internal consistency and inter-rater agreement were estimated using Cronbach's α, weighted Gwet's AC2, and quadratic Cohen's kappa. The mean visual scores were used to validate a range of similarity metrics employing different color spaces, distances, and image embeddings from a pre-trained VGG16 neural network. The calculated similarities were transformed into discrete values using ordinal logistic regression models. The Bray-Curtis distance in the YIQ color model and rectified embeddings from the 'fc6' layer minimized the mean squared error and demonstrated strong performance in representing perceptual similarities. Box plot analysis and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to visualize and compare the levels of agreement, conducted on a random validation round between the two groups: 'Human-System' and 'Human-Human.' The proposed metrics were comparable in terms of internal consistency and agreement with human raters. The findings suggest that the proposed metrics offer a robust and cost-effective approach to monitoring BCC treatment outcomes in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Spyridonos
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aristidis Likas
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Seretis
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios Moschovos
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Laurence Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristine Heidemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Athanasia Zampeta
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Spyridonos P, Gaitanis G, Bassukas ID. Clinical photographs for the evaluation of the horizontal growth dynamics of the basal cell carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol 2023; 64:143-146. [PMID: 36309914 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Spyridonos
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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The Feasibility of Immunocryosurgery in the Treatment of Non-Superficial, Facial Basal Cell Carcinoma That Relapsed after Standard Surgical Excision: An Experience Report from Two Centers. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:8475-8482. [PMID: 36354728 PMCID: PMC9688977 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this retrospective, chart review study, we evaluated the feasibility of immunocryosurgery in facial, non-superficial basal cell carcinomas (BCC) that had relapsed after standard surgery. Inclusion criteria were (a) 'biopsy confirmed relapse of facial BCC', (b) known 'calendar year of surgical excision(s)', and (c) 'relapse within 10 years after the last surgical excision'. Tumors treated from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020 with a standard 5-week immunocryosurgery cycle (daily imiquimod application for 5 weeks and a cryosurgery session at day 14) were included. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards model were calculated with significance at p < 0.05. From the n = 27 BCC evaluated, n = 20 (74.1 ± 8.4%) cleared after one immunocryosurgery cycle. Two of the remaining cases cleared completely after a repeat cycle, one patient favored surgery, and four BCC did not clear despite additional immunocryosurgery cycles (feasibility 81.5 ± 7.5%). Of the 22 tumors with clinical outcome 'complete clearance with immunocryosurgery', three BCC relapsed at 9, 28, and 50 months. Overall, the 5-year treatment efficacy rate was 60.2 ± 13.4% (mean follow-up 94.6 ± 15.1 months). In total, 20/27 BCC relapses after surgery (74.1%) were tumor-free at the end of personalized follow-up times (66.7 ± 12.4% tumor free patients at 5-year follow-up). Number of tumor relapses before immunocryosurgery was the single predictor of tumor progression after immunocryosurgery (p = 0.012). Conclusively, immunocryosurgery could be further evaluated as an alternative, definitive treatment of selected facial BCC relapsing after surgery.
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Scurtu LG, Petrica M, Grigore M, Avram A, Popescu I, Simionescu O. A Conservative Combined Laser Cryoimmunotherapy Treatment vs. Surgical Excision for Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123439. [PMID: 35743507 PMCID: PMC9224731 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical excision is the standard treatment for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), but it can be challenging in elderly patients and patients with comorbidities. The non-surgical guidelines procedures are usually regarded as monotherapy options. This quasi-experimental, non-randomized, comparative effectiveness study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a combined, conservative, non-surgical BCC treatment, and compare it to standard surgical excision. Patients with primary, non-ulcerated, histopathologically confirmed BCCs were divided into a conservative treatment (129 patients) and a standard surgery subgroup (50 patients). The conservative treatment consisted of ablative CO2 laser, cryosurgery, topical occlusive 5-fluorouracil, and imiquimod. The follow-up examinations were performed 3 months after remission, then every 3 to 6 months, and were extended with telephone follow-ups. Cosmetic-self assessment was recorded during a telephone follow-up. Subjects from the conservative subgroup presented a clearance rate of 99.11%, and a recurrence rate of 0.98%. No recurrences were recorded in the surgical group, nor during the telephone follow-up. There were no differences regarding adverse events (p > 0.05). A superior self-assessment cosmetic outcome was obtained using the conservative method (p < 0.001). This conservative treatment is suitable for elders and patients with comorbidities, is not inferior to surgery in terms of clearance, relapses, or local adverse events, and displays superior cosmetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian G. Scurtu
- Department of Dermatology I, Colentina Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19-21 Stefan Cel Mare Road, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (L.G.S.); (M.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Marian Petrica
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bucharest, 010014 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Grigore
- Department of Dermatology I, Colentina Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19-21 Stefan Cel Mare Road, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (L.G.S.); (M.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Alina Avram
- Department of Dermatology I, Colentina Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19-21 Stefan Cel Mare Road, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (L.G.S.); (M.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Ionel Popescu
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bucharest, 010014 Bucharest, Romania; (M.P.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, 010702 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Olga Simionescu
- Department of Dermatology I, Colentina Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19-21 Stefan Cel Mare Road, 020125 Bucharest, Romania; (L.G.S.); (M.G.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-74-241-8662
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