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Shu J, Huang Y, Ma X, Duan Z, Wu P, Chu S, Wu Y, Wang Y. Aesthetic impact of resin infiltration and its mechanical effect on ceramic bonding for white spot lesions. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:365. [PMID: 38515110 PMCID: PMC10958835 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating white spot lesions (WSLs) with resin infiltration alone may not be sufficient, raising questions about its compatibility with other treatments amid controversial or incomplete data. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the aesthetic feasibility of resin infiltration combined with bleaching, as well as its potential mechanical effect on ceramic bonding to WSLs. METHODS One hundred and fifty flat enamel surfaces of bovine incisors were prepared. Ninety specimens were deminerailized and randomly assigned to three groups(n = 30): post-bleaching resin infiltration (Bl-R), pre-bleaching resin infiltration (R-Bl), and only resin infiltration (R). Color, surface roughness and microhardness were assessed in immediate, thermocycling and pigmentation tests. The remaining sixty samples were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20): control (Ctrl), bonding (Bo), pre-bonding resin infiltration (R-Bo). Shear bonding strength, failure mode, micro-leakage depth and interface morphology were evaluated after ceramic bonding. The Tukey test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS For the effect of resin infiltration and bleaching on WSLs, the R-Bl group showed the worst chromic masking ability, with the highest |ΔL|, |Δa|, |Δb|, and ΔE values after treatment. Compared with those in the Bl-R group, the R-Bl and R groups showed significant time-dependent staining, which is possibly attributed to their surface roughness. For the effect of resin infiltration on the adhesive properties of WSLs, resin infiltration reduced the staining penetration depth of WSLs from 2393.54 ± 1118.86 μm to 188.46 ± 89.96 μm (P < 0.05) while reducing WSLs porosity in SEM observation. CONCLUSIONS Post-bleaching resin infiltration proved to be advantageous in the aesthetic treatment of WSLs. Resin infiltration did not compromise bonding strength but it did reduce microleakage and enhance marginal sealing. Overall, resin infiltration can effectively enhance the chromatic results of treated WSLs and prevent long-term bonding failure between ceramics and enamel. Based on these findings, the use of post-bleaching resin infiltration is recommended, and resin infiltration before ceramic bonding is deemed viable in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaen Shu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijia Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Duan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijing Chu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiong Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Unterbrink P, Schulze Zur Wiesche E, Meyer F, Fandrich P, Amaechi BT, Enax J. Prevention of Dental Caries: A Review on the Improvements of Toothpaste Formulations from 1900 to 2023. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38534288 DOI: 10.3390/dj12030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Unterbrink
- Research Department, Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Sudbrackstr. 56, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Erik Schulze Zur Wiesche
- Research Department, Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Sudbrackstr. 56, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pascal Fandrich
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bennett T Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
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Al-Nerabieah Z, AlKhouli M, Dashash M. Preventive efficacy of 38% silver diamine fluoride and CPP-ACP fluoride varnish on molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization in children: A randomized controlled trial. F1000Res 2024; 12:1052. [PMID: 38778809 PMCID: PMC11109571 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.136653.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate fluoride Varnish (CPP-ACPFV) in preventing caries development, enamel breakdown, and sensitivity on molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children. Methods A total of 100 children aged 6 to 9 years were enrolled in the study with two contralateral permanent molars mildly affected by MIH. Affected molars were randomly and equally assigned to receive either SDF or CPP-ACPFV treatment. The interventions were applied at four different time points (baseline, 3, 6, 9 months), and the incidence of caries, caries progression, enamel breakdown, and sensitivity were assessed. Results The findings of this study revealed significant differences in the incidence of caries between the groups treated with SDF and CPP-ACPFV ( P-value < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference in caries progression between the two groups ( P-value < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in enamel breakdown scores between the treatment groups, as the majority of teeth in both groups exhibited a score of 0. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in sensitivity between the treatment groups throughout the study period. Conclusions In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence that molars treated with SDF demonstrated a lower incidence of caries and a higher rate of caries arrest compared to those treated with CPP-ACPFV. Both interventions showed promise in preventing enamel breakdown and improving sensitivity. These findings highlight the potential of SDF and CPP-ACPFV as effective treatments for caries prevention and management, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and appropriate dental care strategies in maintaining oral health. Trial registration ISRCTN54243749 (13/01/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Al-Nerabieah
- Pediatric Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria
| | - Muaaz AlKhouli
- Pediatric Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria
| | - Mayssoon Dashash
- Pediatric Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria
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Rizzardi KF, Rizzardi RF, Crescente CL, Tognetti VM, de Sousa ET, Parisotto TM. Relationship between cariogenic bacteria and molar incisor hypomineralization in Brazilian schoolchildren. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:2001-2009. [PMID: 38130579 PMCID: PMC10730958 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Teeth with defects in their structure, such as the ones affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), are more susceptible to carious lesions. Caries is a complex and multifactorial disease highly prevalent in childhood. The present research evaluated the relationship between the stages of MIH and cariogenic bacteria in children. Methods After examining 566 schoolchildren, four groups of 10 children each were formed: healthy (G1), mild MIH (G2 and G3), and severe MIH + caries (G4). Dental biofilm was assessed to quantify Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. (LB) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results LB counting in biofilm samples of healthy children (G1) and those with mild MIH characterized by white opacities (G2) were not significantly different. The same happened when the ones with yellow opacities (G3) were compared with severe MIH + caries (G4) (P>0.05). The post hoc Tukey test proved that G4 had greater levels of SM and LB when compared with G2 (P<0.05); however, the control group did not diverge from the others considering SM (P>0.05). Increased LB enhanced the severity of MIH [rate ratio (RR): 7.706; P=0.035]. Conclusions LB was influenced by different degrees of MIH and the presence of caries and could guide clinical decisions and patients' recommendations to prevent carious lesions in MIH children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ferreira Rizzardi
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira Rizzardi
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Lopes Crescente
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdineia Maria Tognetti
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Tavares de Sousa
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thaís Manzano Parisotto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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Enax J, Ganss B, Amaechi BT, Schulze zur Wiesche E, Meyer F. The composition of the dental pellicle: an updated literature review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1260442. [PMID: 37899941 PMCID: PMC10600522 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1260442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dental pellicle is a thin layer of up to several hundred nm in thickness, covering the tooth surface. It is known to protect the teeth from acid attacks through its selective permeability and it is involved in the remineralization process of the teeth. It functions also as binding site and source of nutrients for bacteria and conditioning biofilm (foundation) for dental plaque formation. Methods For this updated literature review, the PubMed database was searched for the dental pellicle and its composition. Results The dental pellicle has been analyzed in the past years with various state-of-the art analytic techniques such as high-resolution microscopic techniques (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy), spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, affinity chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and blotting-techniques (e.g., western blot). It consists of several different amino acids, proteins, and proteolytic protein fragments. Some studies also investigated other compounds of the pellicle, mainly fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Conclusions The dental pellicle is composed mainly of different proteins, but also fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Analysis with state-of-the-art analytical techniques have uncovered mainly acidic proline-rich proteins, amylase, cystatin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and mucins as main proteins of the dental pellicle. The pellicle has protective properties for the teeth. Further research is necessary to gain more knowledge about the role of the pellicle in the tooth remineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bennett T. Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Frederic Meyer
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
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Limeback H, Enax J, Meyer F. Improving Oral Health with Fluoride-Free Calcium-Phosphate-Based Biomimetic Toothpastes: An Update of the Clinical Evidence. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:331. [PMID: 37622936 PMCID: PMC10452078 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the demand for clinically effective fluoride-free oral care products for consumers increases, it is important to document which types of toothpastes have been shown in clinical studies to be effective in improving oral health. In this review, we included different indications, i.e., caries prevention, improving periodontal health, reducing dentin hypersensitivity, protecting against dental erosion, and safely improving tooth whitening in defining what constitutes improvement in oral health. While there are several professional and consumer fluoride-containing formulations fortified with calcium-phosphate-based ingredients, this review focuses on fluoride-free toothpastes containing biomimetic calcium-phosphate-based molecules as the primary active ingredients. Several databases were searched, and only clinical trials in human subjects were included; in vitro and animal studies were excluded. There were 62 oral health clinical trials on biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), 57 on casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), 26 on calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS, or so called Bioglass), and 2 on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). HAP formulations were tested the most in clinical trials for benefits in preventing caries, dentin hypersensitivity, improving periodontal health, and tooth whitening. Based on the current clinical evidence to date, fluoride-free HAP toothpaste formulations are the most versatile of the calcium phosphate active ingredients in toothpastes for improving oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.E.); (F.M.)
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Alzahrani AY, Alamoudi NMH, El Meligy OAES. Contemporary Understanding of the Etiology and Management of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: A Literature Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:157. [PMID: 37504223 PMCID: PMC10378579 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a significant health problem that can affect the child's quality of life by negatively affecting their esthetics and function. This review aimed to summarize the etiology and pathogenesis of MIH. It also aimed to summarize the recent studies on MIH in children and adolescents, focusing on diagnosis, prevention, and clinical management. An electronic search on the PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, MedlinePlus, WHO reports, and Google Scholar databases was performed. The volume of research on the etiology, presentation, and clinical management of MIH is still expanding. The creation and validation of indices for the diagnosis and management of MIH, as well as any potential genetic aspects appear to be the main areas of current research. Notably, MIH was linked to childhood illnesses, the use of antibiotics, and early childhood fever. Although many studies discuss the different options for managing MIH lesions, evidence-based studies that address the long-term outcomes of MIH are still lacking. Indeed, future clinical studies should be directed to evaluate the impact of each systemic etiological factor and its different types of management on normal amelogenesis. Regarding the diagnosis, future research should focus on the pre-eruption diagnosis and early approaches to prevent the post-eruption breakdown and caries. Regarding the treatment of MIH, future investigations should emphasize further improvements in adhesion and the use of new materials and techniques, such as digital dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yahya Alzahrani
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Dentistry, Taif Dental Centre, Ministry of Health, Taif 26511, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Omar Abd El Sadek El Meligy
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Vilhena FV, Grecco SDS, González AHM, D'Alpino PHP. Regenerative and Protective Effects on Dental Tissues of a Fluoride-Silicon-Rich Toothpaste Associated with a Calcium Booster: An In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:153. [PMID: 37366676 DOI: 10.3390/dj11060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium boosters have been used as a supplement for fluoride toothpastes to repair the dental tissues and reduce dentin permeability. This in vitro study aimed to characterize the regenerative and protective effects of the treatment of dental tissues with a fluoride-silicon-rich toothpaste associated with a calcium booster. Bovine enamel and dentin blocks (n = 5) were obtained (4 × 4 × 6 mm). A fluoride-silicon-rich toothpaste and a calcium booster were used to brush the enamel and dentin both immediately and five days afterwards. The outcomes were then compared to those of the untreated control group. After that, the specimens were cross-sectioned. SEM was used to evaluate the micromorphology of the surface and cross-section. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the elemental analyses (weight%). After treatment for 5 days with a booster/silicon-rich toothpaste, EDS analysis demonstrated that it induced a significant mineral change. It was also able to form a protective silicon-enriched mineral layer on both enamel and dentin surfaces. It was demonstrated in vitro that a fluoride-silicon-rich toothpaste associated with a calcium booster regenerates the dental tissues, remineralizing the enamel structure and occluding the dentin tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Vieira Vilhena
- Trials Research and Development, Rua Maria Benedita de Oliveira, 1-25, Bauru 17018-776, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Henrique Perlatti D'Alpino
- Triplet Biotechnology Solutions, Av. Nossa Senhora de Fatima, 11-31, Bauru 17017-337, Brazil
- School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
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