Real-Time Robust Voice Activity Detection Using the Upper Envelope Weighted Entropy Measure and the Dual-Rate Adaptive Nonlinear Filter

Robust Audio Content Classification Using Hybrid-Based SMD and Entropy-Based VAD

A robust approach for the application of audio content classification (ACC) is proposed in this paper, especially in variable noise-level conditions. We know that speech, music, and background noise (also called silence) are usually mixed in the noisy audio signal. Based on the findings, we propose a hierarchical ACC approach consisting of three parts: voice activity detection (VAD), speech/music discrimination (SMD), and post-processing. First, entropy-based VAD is successfully used to segment input signal into noisy audio and noise even if variable-noise level is happening. The determinations of one-dimensional (1D)-subband energy information (1D-SEI) and 2D-textural image information (2D-TII) are then formed as a hybrid feature set. The hybrid-based SMD is achieved because the hybrid feature set is input into the classification of the support vector machine (SVM). Finally, a rule-based post-processing of segments is utilized to smoothly determine the output of the ACC system. The noisy audio is successfully classified into noise, speech, and music. Experimental results show that the hierarchical ACC system using hybrid feature-based SMD and entropy-based VAD is successfully evaluated against three available datasets and is comparable with existing methods even in a variable noise-level environment. In addition, our test results with the VAD scheme and hybrid features also shows that the proposed architecture increases the performance of audio content discrimination.