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Chen WH, Ko YZ, Chang HC, Chang CS, Hung KH, Shih HC, Ju LP, Shiao MS, Chiang YC. Comparative chemical profiling of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum kanehirae and related species using steam distillation and solvent extraction: Implications for plant-based classification. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30628. [PMID: 38726167 PMCID: PMC11079393 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata, belonging to Lauraceae family, is an indigenous and endangered species of considerable economic importance in Taiwan. It plays a crucial role as the host for the economically valuable saprotrophic fungus, Taiwanofungus camphorates. However, accurate species identification poses a challenge due to the similarity in morphological features and frequent natural hybridization with closely related species. Acquiring high-quality and pure leaf oils becomes imperative for precise species identification and producing superior goods. In this study, our objective was to establish methodologies for analyzing the chemical composition of leaf essential oils and subsequently apply this knowledge to differentiate among three Cinnamomum species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to scrutinize the chemical makeup of leaf essential oils from three closely related species: C. kanehirae, C. micranthum, and C. camphora. We utilized Steam Distillation (SD) and steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDSE) methods, with the SDSE-Hexane approach chosen for optimization, enhancing extraction efficiency and ensuring essential oil purity. Through the SDSE-Hexane method, we identified seventy-four compounds distributed across three major classes: monoterpenes hydrocarbons (0.0-7.0 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (3.8-90.9 %), sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (0.0-28.3 %), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.6-88.1 %). Our findings indicated the presence of more than one chemotype in both C. kanehirae and C. camphora, whereas no specific chemotype could be discerned in C. micranthum. Furthermore, clustering based on chemotypes allowed for the differentiation of samples from the three species. Notably, we demonstrated that the chemical compositions of grafted C. kanehirae remained largely unaffected by the rootstock. Conversely, natural hybrids between C. kanehirae and C. camphora exhibited profiles more closely aligned with C. kanehirae. The optimized extraction method and the chemotype-based classification system established in this study present valuable tools for essential oil preparation, species identification, and further exploration into the genetic variation of Cinnamomum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Pingtung County Central Laboratory, No.272, Je-Yu Road, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Zhu Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chun Chang
- Pingtung County Central Laboratory, No.272, Je-Yu Road, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
| | - Chui-Shiang Chang
- Pingtung County Central Laboratory, No.272, Je-Yu Road, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Hung
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pintung, 912, Taiwan
| | - Huie-Chuan Shih
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Ju
- Forest Rrotection Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- The Multidisciplinary and Data Science Research Center(MDSRC), National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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Fu C, Liu X, Liu Q, Qiu F, Yan J, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Li J. Variations in Essential Oils from the Leaves of Cinnamomum bodinieri in China. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093659. [PMID: 37175069 PMCID: PMC10179921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum plants are rich in natural essential oils, which are widely used as materials in the fragrance, insecticidal, antibacterial agent, pharmaceutical, and food industries; however, few studies have investigated the essential oil components of Cinnamomum bodinieri. Therefore, this study investigated the diversity of essential oils from the leaves of 885 individual C. bodinieri plants across 32 populations in five provinces. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and then qualitative and quantitative analyses of the compounds were performed by GC-MS and GC-FID. A total of 87 chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils, including 33 monoterpenes, 48 sesquiterpenes, and six other compounds. The average oil yield was 0.75%, and individual oil yields ranged from 0.01% to 4.28%. A total of 16 chemotypes were classified according to variations in the essential oil chemical constituents of C. bodinieri, among which the camphor-type, citral-type, and eucalyptol-type were dominant. Moreover, the borneol-type, cymol-type, elemol-type, methylisoeugenol-type, and selina-6-en-4-ol-type were reported in C. bodinieri for the first time. The yield and principal components of the essential oils were mainly affected by altitude, temperature, and sunshine duration, among which altitude had the most significant effect; thus, low-altitude areas are more suitable for the synthesis and accumulation of essential oils. Based on the different characteristics of the essential oils in the leaves of C. bodinieri, several excellent populations and individuals were identified in this study. Moreover, the findings provide a foundation for breeding superior varieties and studying essential oil biosynthesis mechanisms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Camphor Engineering and Technology Research Centre of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- Camphor Engineering and Technology Research Centre of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Camphor Engineering and Technology Research Centre of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Fengying Qiu
- Camphor Engineering and Technology Research Centre of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Jindong Yan
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Camphor Engineering and Technology Research Centre of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Camphor Engineering and Technology Research Centre of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330032, China
| | - Jianan Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Wei Q, Zhang YH. Composition and Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil from Farfugium japonicum. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062774. [PMID: 36985745 PMCID: PMC10054140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of volatile oils of the leaf and stem of Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitamura were prepared by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)-CO2. A total 47 and 40 compounds were identified by GC/MS analysis, respectively, and only 13 compounds coexisted. The main constituent types in the leaf oil included alcohols (34.1%), hydrocarbons (24.1%), terpenoids (16.2%), benzenes (7.5%), and fatty acids (4.9%). In the stem oil, the constituent types chiefly included benzenes (18.8%), ketones (13.9%), terpenoids (17.0%), fatty acids (8.8%), phenolics (8.7%), steroids (8.6%), hydrocarbons (8.0%), and esters (5.7%). The predominant volatile compounds in the stem were 2-(1-cyclopent-1-enyl-1-methylethyl) cyclopentanone (11.7%), 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro- 9,10-dimethyl-anthracene (8.4%), 5-heptylresorcinol (6.5%), and α-sitosterol (5.2%). Those in the leaf mainly included (E)-3-hexen-1-ol (13.7%) and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (14.0%). This demonstrated a significant difference in the composition of both oils. Further study showed that stem oils demonstrated the highest DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pinylhydrazyl) and ·OH free radical scavenging capacities at IC50 values of 9.22 and 0.90 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, they demonstrated the strongest antibacterial capacity against the Gram-positive bacteria methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.16 mg/mL. This could be due to the SFE-CO2 extraction and the high accumulation of benzenes, terpenoids, and phenolics in the stem. In particular, the monoterpenes presented in terpenoids could play a special role in these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- School of Medicine, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
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Zhang H, Huang T, Liao X, Zhou Y, Chen S, Chen J, Xiong W. Extraction of Camphor Tree Essential Oil by Steam Distillation and Supercritical CO2 Extraction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175385. [PMID: 36080152 PMCID: PMC9457539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum camphora leaves is a mixture of volatile compounds, mainly terpenes, and is widely used in medicine, perfume and chemical industries. In this study, the extraction processes of essential oil from Cinnamomum camphora leaves by steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction were summarized and compared, and the camphor tree essential oil was detected by GC/MS. The extraction rate of essential oil extracted by steam distillation is less than 0.5%, while that of supercritical CO2 extraction is 4.63% at 25 MPa, 45 °C and 2.5 h. GC/MS identified 21 and 42 compounds, respectively. The content of alcohols in the essential oil is more than 35%, and that of terpenoids is more than 80%. The steam extraction method can extract volatile substances with a low boiling point and more esters and epoxides; The supercritical method is suitable for extracting weak polar substances with a high alcohol content. Supercritical CO2 extraction can selectively extract essential oil components and effectively prevent oxidation and the escape of heat sensitive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangxian Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ting Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoning Liao
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yaohong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Information and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wanming Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (W.X.)
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