Factors Influencing Sulforaphane Content in Broccoli Sprouts and Subsequent Sulforaphane Extraction

Sulforaphane protects developing neural networks from VPA-induced synaptic alterations

Prenatal brain development is particularly sensitive to chemicals that can disrupt synapse formation and cause neurodevelopmental disorders. In most cases, such chemicals increase cellular oxidative stress. For example, prenatal exposure to the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), induces oxidative stress and synaptic alterations, promoting autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in humans and autism-like behaviors in rodents. Using VPA to model chemically induced ASD, we tested whether activation of cellular mechanisms that increase antioxidant gene expression would be sufficient to prevent VPA-induced synaptic alterations. As a master regulator of cellular defense pathways, the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) promotes expression of detoxification enzymes and antioxidant gene products. To increase NRF2 activity, we used the phytochemical and potent NRF2 activator, sulforaphane (SFN). In our models of human neurodevelopment, SFN activated NRF2, increasing expression of antioxidant genes and preventing oxidative stress. SFN also enhanced expression of genes associated with synapse formation. Consistent with these gene expression profiles, SFN protected developing neural networks from VPA-induced reductions in synapse formation. Furthermore, in mouse cortical neurons, SFN rescued VPA-induced reductions in neural activity. These results demonstrate the ability of SFN to protect developing neural networks during the vulnerable period of synapse formation, while also identifying molecular signatures of SFN-mediated neuroprotection that could be relevant for combatting other environmental toxicants.

Sulforaphane acts through the NFE2L2/AMPK signaling pathway to protect boar spermatozoa from cryoinjury by activating antioxidant defenses

During cryopreservation, a substantial portion of spermatozoa undergoes apoptosis due to cryoinjury, resulting in decreased fertility. Boar spermatozoa are highly sensitive to temperature, with low temperature triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis. Sulforaphane (SFN), a potent natural compound found in cruciferous vegetables, is efficacious in mitigating oxidative stress. We here supplemented different SFN concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM) into the freezing extender to explore its effect on boar sperm during cryopreservation and determine the optimal SFN concentration. Supplementation of 5 μM SFN exhibited the highest sperm motility, motion performance, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and antioxidant properties (total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and antioxidant enzyme activity) after freezing and thawing. Then, RT group, C group and C + SFN group were established to explore the effect of SFN on the cryopreservation-induced sperm apoptosis level and fertilizing capacity of post-thawed sperms. SFN effectively rescued the apoptosis and fertilizing capacity of post-thawed sperms. Mechanistically, SFN activated the redox-sensitive nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2/NFE2L2) by promoting adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. This activation improved antioxidant defenses, ultimately improving cryoinjury in boar spermatozoa. In summary, SFN suppressed cryopreservation-induced apoptosis of spermatozoa by activating antioxidant defenses and the AMPK/NFE2L2 signaling pathway. These findings suggest a novel approach for augmenting the cryoprotective efficiency and spermatozoa fertility after cryopreservation.

Bioactive sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables: advances in biosynthesis, metabolism, bioavailability, delivery, health benefits, and applications

Chronic inflammation-induced diseases (CID) are the dominant cause of death worldwide, contributing to over half of all global deaths. Sulforaphane (SFN) derived from cruciferous vegetables has been extensively studied for its multiple functional benefits in alleviating CID. This work comprehensively reviewed the biosynthesis, metabolism, bioavailability, delivery, health benefits, and applications of SFN and its potential mechanisms against CID (e.g., cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, et al.), and neurological disorders based on a decade of research. SFN exerts its biological functions through the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by gut microbiota, and exhibits rapid metabolism and excretion characteristics via metabolization of mercapturic acid pathway. Microencapsulation is an important way to improve the stability and targeted delivery of SFN. The health benefits of SNF against CID are attributed to the multiple regulatory mechanisms including modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, immune response, and intestinal homeostasis. The clinical applications of SFN and related formulations show promising potential; however, further exploration is required regarding the sources, dosages, toxicity profiles, and stability of SFN. Together, SFN is a natural product with great potential for development and application, which is crucial for the development of functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Plant sources, extraction techniques, analytical methods, bioactivity, and bioavailability of sulforaphane: a review

Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate commonly found in cruciferous vegetables. It is formed via the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoraphanin by myrosinase. SFN exerts various biological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory effects, and is widely used in functional foods and clinical medicine. However, the structure of SFN is unstable and easily degradable, and its production is easily affected by temperature, pH, and enzyme activity, which limit its application. Hence, several studies are investigating its physicochemical properties, stability, and biological activity to identify methods to increase its content. This article provides a comprehensive review of the plant sources, extraction and analysis techniques, in vitro and in vivo biological activities, and bioavailability of SFN. This article highlights the importance and provides a reference for the research and application of SFN in the future.

Enhanced physical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of bio-composite films composed from carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol incorporated with broccoli sprout seed extract for butter packaging

This study investigated the development of biodegradable films made from a combination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and purified extract of broccoli sprout seed (BSSE). The films were characterized for their color, physical properties, surface morphology, crystallinity, mechanical properties, and thermal properties. The addition of BSSE up to 1.4 % to the film matrix imparted opaque color and increased opacity up to 3.652. The films also became less moisture-absorbent 8.21 %, soluble 19.16 %, and permeable to water vapor 1.531 (× 10-10 g.m-1 s-1 pa-1). By utilizing 0.7 % from BSSE inside films, the surface of the films became smoother but became rough with higher concentrations 2.1 % of BSSE. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis showed that there was physical interaction between the BSSE extract and the PV/CM matrix. The films showed good thermal stability, and the incorporation of BSSE improved their ability to preserve the acidity, TBARS, peroxide value, and total color differences of butter during cold storage.

Sulforaphane Bioavailability in Healthy Subjects Fed a Single Serving of Fresh Broccoli Microgreens

Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with numerous health benefits attributed to the phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN) that exerts antioxidant and chemopreventive properties, among other bioactive compounds. Broccoli sprouts, rich in SFN precursor glucoraphanin (GRN), have been investigated in numerous clinical trials. Broccoli microgreens are similarly rich in GRN but have remained largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to examine SFN bioavailability and the microbiome profile in subjects fed a single serving of fresh broccoli microgreens. Eleven subjects participated in a broccoli microgreens feeding study. Broccoli microgreens GRN and SFN contents and stability were measured. Urine and stool SFN metabolite profiles and microbiome composition were examined. Broccoli microgreens had similar GRN content to values previously reported for broccoli sprouts, which was stable over time. Urine SFN metabolite profiles in broccoli microgreens-fed subjects were similar to those reported previously in broccoli sprouts-fed subjects, including the detection of SFN-nitriles. We also reported the detection of SFN metabolites in stool samples for the first time. A single serving of broccoli microgreens did not significantly alter microbiome composition. We showed in this study that broccoli microgreens are a significant source of SFN. Our work provides the foundation for future studies to establish the health benefits of broccoli microgreens consumption.

Sulforaphane: A nutraceutical against diabetes-related complications

There is an increasing interest in the use of nutraceuticals and plant-derived bioactive compounds from foods for their potential health benefits. For example, as a major active ingredient found from cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, there has been growing interest in understanding the therapeutic effects of sulforaphane against diverse metabolic complications. The past decade has seen an extensive growth in literature reporting on the potential health benefits of sulforaphane to neutralize pathological consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation, which may be essential in protecting against diabetes-related complications. In fact, preclinical evidence summarized within this review supports an active role of sulforaphane in activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 or effectively modulating AMP-activated protein kinase to protect against diabetic complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, as well as other metabolic complications involving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. With clinical evidence suggesting that foods rich in sulforaphane like broccoli can improve the metabolic status and lower cardiovascular disease risk by reducing biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. This information remains essential in determining the therapeutic value of sulforaphane or its potential use as a nutraceutical to manage diabetes and its related complications. Finally, this review discusses essential information on the bioavailability profile of sulforaphane, while also covering information on the pathological consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation that drive the development and progression of diabetes.

Broccoli: A Multi-Faceted Vegetable for Health: An In-Depth Review of Its Nutritional Attributes, Antimicrobial Abilities, and Anti-inflammatory Properties

Broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, has recently gained considerable attention due to its remarkable nutritional composition and numerous health benefits. In this review, the nutritional aspects of broccoli are examined, highlighting its rich nutrient content and essential bioactive compounds. The cruciferous vegetable broccoli is a rich source of several important nutrients, including fiber, vitamins (A, C, and K), minerals (calcium, potassium, and iron), and antioxidants. It has also been shown to contain bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, sulforaphane, and indole-3-carbinol, all of which have been shown to have significant health-promoting effects. These chemicals are known to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This review article aims to comprehensively examine the diverse spectrum of nutrients contained in broccoli and explore its medicinal potential to promote human health.

Anticancer activity of broccoli, its organosulfur and polyphenolic compounds

The use of natural bioactive constituents from various food sources for anticancer purposes has become increasingly popular worldwide. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is on the top of the consumed vegetables by the masses. Its raw matrix contains a plethora of phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates and phenolic compounds, along with rich amounts of vitamins, and minerals. Consumption of broccoli-derived phytochemicals provides strong antioxidant effects, particularly due to its sulforaphane content, while modulating numerous molecules involved in cell cycle regulation, control of apoptosis, and tuning enzyme activity. Thus, the inclusion of broccoli in the daily diet lowers the susceptibility to developing cancers. Numerous studies have underlined the undisputable role of broccoli in the diet as a chemopreventive raw food, owing to the content in sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate produced as a result of hydrolysis of precursor glucosinolates called glucoraphanin. This review will provide evidence supporting the specific role of fresh florets and sprouts of broccoli and its key bioactive constituents in the prevention and treatment of different cancers; a number of studies carried out in the in vitro and in vivo conditions as well as clinical trials were analyzed.

Formation, immunomodulatory activities, and enhancement of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts: a review for maximizing the health benefits to human

Broccoli sprouts have been considered as functional foods which have received increasing attention because they have been highly prized for glucosinolates, phenolics, and vitamins in particular glucosinolates. One of hydrolysates-sulforaphane from glucoraphanin is positively associated with the attenuation of inflammatory, which could reduce diabetes, cardiovascular and cancer risk. In recent decades, the great interest in natural bioactive components especially for sulforaphane promotes numerous researchers to investigate the methods to enhance glucoraphanin levels in broccoli sprouts and evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of sulforaphane. Therefore, glucosinolates profiles are different in broccoli sprouts varied with genotypes and inducers. Physicochemical, biological elicitors, and storage conditions were widely studied to promote the accumulation of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts. These inducers would stimulate the biosynthesis pathway gene expression and enzyme activities of glucosinolates and sulforaphane to increase the concentration in broccoli sprouts. The immunomodulatory activity of sulforaphane was summarized to be a new therapy for diseases with immune dysregulation. The perspective of this review served as a potential reference for customers and industries by application of broccoli sprouts as a functional food and clinical medicine.

Microorganisms-An Effective Tool to Intensify the Utilization of Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane (SFN) was generated by the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin under the action of myrosinase. However, due to the instability of SFN, the bioavailability of SFN was limited. Meanwhile, the gut flora obtained the ability to synthesize myrosinase and glucoraphanin, which could be converted into SFN in the intestine. However, the ability of microorganisms to synthesize myrosinase in the gut was limited. Therefore, microorganisms with myrosinase synthesis ability need to be supplemented. With the development of research, microorganisms with high levels of myrosinase synthesis could be obtained by artificial selection and gene modification. Researchers found the SFN production rate of the transformed microorganisms could be significantly improved. However, despite applying transformation technology and regulating nutrients to microorganisms, it still could not provide the best efficiency during generating SFN and could not accomplish colonization in the intestine. Due to the great effect of microencapsulation on improving the colonization ability of microorganisms, microencapsulation is currently an important way to deliver microorganisms into the gut. This article mainly analyzed the possibility of obtaining SFN-producing microorganisms through gene modification and delivering them to the gut via microencapsulation to improve the utilization rate of SFN. It could provide a theoretical basis for expanding the application scope of SFN.

Maximization of Sulforaphane Content in Broccoli Sprouts by Blanching

Broccoli sprouts are a recognized source of health-promoting compounds, such as glucosinolates, glucoraphanin, and sulforaphane (SFN). Maximization of SFN content can be achieved by technological processing. We investigated the effect of blanching conditions to determine the optimal treatment that maximizes sulforaphane content in broccoli sprouts. Broccoli seeds (cv. Traditional) grown under controlled conditions were harvested after 11 days from germination and subjected to different blanching conditions based on a central composite design with temperature and time as experimental factors. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by a Tukey test. The optimum conditions were identified through response surface methodology. Blanching increased sulforaphane content compared with untreated sprouts, agreeing with a decrease in total glucosinolates and glucoraphanin content. Temperature significantly affected SFN content. Higher temperatures and shorter immersion times favor glucoraphanin hydrolysis, thus increasing SFN content. The optimum conditions were blanching at 61 °C for 4.8 min, resulting in 54.3 ± 0.20 µmol SFN/g dry weight, representing a 3.3-fold increase with respect to untreated sprouts. This is the highest SFN content reported for sprouts subjected to any treatment so far. The process described in this work may contribute to developing functional foods and nutraceuticals that provide sulforaphane as an active principle.