Chitosan Increases Lysine Content through Amino Acid Transporters in Flammulina filiformis

The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Positively Regulates Lysine Biosynthesis Induced by Citric Acid in Flammulina filiformis

Flammulina filiformis, the most produced edible mushroom species in China, is rich in lysine. Further enhancing its lysine biosynthesis is vital for improving its quality in industrialized cultivation. Citric acid induction significantly increases both the biomass and growth rate of F. filiformis hyphae, as well as the lysine content. The genes encoding enzymes in the lysine biosynthesis pathway were detected under the optimal induction, revealing that the expression levels of hcs, hac, and hah were 2.67, 1.97, and 1.90 times greater, respectively, relative to the control, whereas no significant difference was seen for hdh, aat, sr, and shd, and the expression of aar decreased. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of Ampk, GCN2, GCN4, and TOR were found significantly upregulated, with the most upregulated, Ampk, reaching a level 42.68 times greater than that of the control, while the phosphorylation of AMPK rose by nearly 54%. In AMPK-silencing strains under the optimal induction, however, the phosphorylation increment dropped to about 16% and the lysine content remained at the same level as in the WT. Thus, AMPK is presented as the critical intermediary in citric acid's regulation of lysine biosynthesis in F. filiformis.