Stability and Antiglycoxidant Potential of Bilberry Anthocyanins in Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Model

Effect of co-pigments on anthocyanins of wild cranberry and investigation of interaction mechanisms

This study systematically evaluated the color-enhancing effects of different co-pigmented molecules (amino acids, peptides, flavonoids and phenolic acids) with cranberry anthocyanins under different environmental conditions (light, dark, high temperature and ascorbic acid) and their potential mechanisms by various means, such as degradation kinetics, color stability, H NMR spectroscopy, and structural simulation analyses. The results showed that the introduction of co-pigments induced a strong color-enhancing effect and bathochromic shift, inhibited the degradation of anthocyanins (9.34 % ∼ 45.00 %), and prolonged the half-life of anthocyanins (14.33 % ∼ 104.56 %). Among them, catechin, ferulic acid and tryptophan, by virtue of their large molecular planes, flexible side chains and abundant substituents, altered the core structure of anthocyanins and the electron cloud density of H atoms on the acylated molecules, which significantly enhanced their stability upon binding to anthocyanins. In addition, molecular docking simulations revealed an interaction mode between co-pigments and anthocyanins dominated by hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions.

Factors affecting the stability of anthocyanins and strategies for improving their stability: A review

Anthocyanins, as the most common and widely distributed flavonoid compounds, are widely present in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins show various biological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activities. Hence, anthocyanins are widely used in the fields of food and pharmaceuticals. However, anthocyanins are susceptible to environmental and processing factors due to their structural characteristics, which leads to poor storage and processing stability. Numerous studies have indicated that structural modification, co-pigmentation, and delivery systems could improve the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins in the external environment. This article reviews the main factors affecting the stability of anthocyanins. Moreover, this review comprehensively introduces methods to improve the stability of anthocyanins. Finally, the current problems and future research advances of anthocyanins are also introduced. The findings can provide important references for deeper research on the stability, biological activities, and bioavailability of anthocyanins.

Bioaccessibility and Antidiabetic Potential of xique-xique and mandacaru Fruits in a Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Model

This study evaluated the influence of gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antidiabetic potential of xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) and mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru) fruits. After digestion, the content of total phenolics and flavonoids reduced by 58.3 and 73.51% in xique-xique and 48.33 and 88.43% in mandacaru. In addition, compounds such as rutin, ρ-coumaric acid, catechin and epicatechin reduced during digestion for both fruits. The antioxidant potential by the ABTS assay increased by 153.3% for xique-xique and 273.46% for mandacaru in the intestinal phase. However, using the ORAC assay, the antioxidant potential of xique-xique reduced from 255.42 to 112.17 μmol TE g-1. The capacity of xique-xique fruit to reduce α-amylase activity reduced 23.71-fold after digestion, but the potential to inhibit α-glucosidase increased 17.8-fold. The antiglycation potential reduced in both fruits after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds from the fruits, as well as their functional potential, were influenced by the digestive process, as well as by the sample evaluated.

The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Wild Bilberry Fruit Extracts Embedded in Mesoporous Silica-Type Supports: A Stability Study

Polyphenolic extracts from wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but they are prone to degradation when exposed to environmental factors, limiting their use in biomedical applications. To overcome this issue, this study proposed the embedding of wild bilberry fruit ethanolic extracts in pristine mesoporous silica functionalized with organic groups (mercaptopropyl and propionic acid), as well as coated with fucoidan, a biopolymer. Herein, we report a stability study of free and incorporated extracts in mesoporous silica-type supports in high-humidity atmospheres at 40 °C up to 28 days, using HPLC analysis, thermal analysis, and radical scavenging activity determination. Better chemical and thermal stability over time was observed when the extracts were incorporated in mesoporous silica-type supports. After 12 months of storage, higher values of antioxidant activity were determined for the extract embedded in the supports, silica modified with mercaptopropyl groups (MCM-SH), and fucoidan-coated silica (MCM-SH-Fuc) than that of the free extract due to a synergistic activity between the support and extract. All encapsulated extracts demonstrated remarkable effects in reducing NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The treatment with extract embedded in MCM-SH-Fuc in a dose of 10 μg/mL surpassed the effect of free extract in the same concentration. For the extract encapsulated in an MCM-SH support, a lower IC50 value (0.69 μg/mL) towards COX-2 was obtained, comparable with that of Indomethacin (0.6 μg/mL). Also, this sample showed a higher selectivity index (2.71) for COX-2 than the reference anti-inflammatory drug (0.98). The developed formulations with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties could be further used in nutraceuticals.

Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium myrtillus-Two Species-One Used as a Functional Food

Vaccinium uliginosum L. (commonly known as bog bilberry) and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (commonly known as bilberry) are species of the genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae). The red-purple-blue coloration of blueberries is attributed largely to the anthocyanins found in bilberries. Anthocyanins, known for their potent biological activity as antioxidants, have a significant involvement in the prophylaxis of cancer or other diseases, including those of metabolic origin. Bilberry is the most important economically wild berry in Northern Europe, and it is also extensively used in juice and food production. A review of the latest literature was performed to assess the composition and biological activity of V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus. Clinical studies confirm the benefits of V. uliginosum and V. myrtillus supplementation as part of a healthy diet. Because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and apoptosis-reducing activity, both bog bilberries and bilberries can be used interchangeably as a dietary supplement with anti-free radical actions in the prevention of cancer diseases and cataracts, or as a component of sunscreen preparations.

Impact of Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions on Antiglycoxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Capacities of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a widespread anthocyanin derivative, which has been reported in vitro to exert potent antioxidant, antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibition effects. Nevertheless, the physiological relevance of such properties remains uncertain considering its significant instability in gastrointestinal conditions. A simulated digestion procedure was thus instigated to assess the influence of gastric and intestinal media on its chemical integrity and biological activities. HPLC analyses of digested C3G samples confirmed the striking impact of intestinal conditions, as attested by a decomposition ratio of 70%. In contrast, with recovery rates of around 90%, antiglycation, as well as DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, uniformly revealed a noteworthy persistence of its antiglycoxidant capacities. Remarkably, a prominent increase of its α-glucosidase inhibition activity was even observed after the intestinal phase, suggesting that classical in vitro evaluations might underestimate C3G antidiabetic potential. Consequently, the present data provide novel and specific insights on C3G’s digestive fate, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract does not profoundly affect its positive action on oxidative and carbonyl stresses. More specifically, it also tends to support its regulating effects on postprandial hyperglycemia and its potential usefulness for diabetes management.