Atypical NF1 Microdeletions: Challenges and Opportunities for Genotype/Phenotype Correlations in Patients with Large NF1 Deletions

Neurofibromatosis type 1 - an update

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common genetic conditions. It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, but almost half of cases occur de novo. NF1 is associated with café-au-lait macules, freckles in the inguinal and axillary region, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules of the iris or choroidal abnormalities, optic pathway gliomas, and distinctive bone anomalies. It has complete penetrance but highly variable disease manifestations. Certain features including café-au-lait macules, bony abnormalities, and optic pathway gliomas emerge by early childhood, but others appear later in life. A cure for NF1 has not been found, however emerging treatments have involved modulation of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway.

Correlation between large rearrangements and patient phenotypes in NF1 deletion syndrome: an update and review

About 5-10% of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients exhibit large genomic germline deletions that remove the NF1 gene and its flanking regions. The most frequent NF1 large deletion is 1.4 Mb, resulting from homologous recombination between two low copy repeats. This "type-1" deletion is associated with a severe clinical phenotype in NF1 patients, with several phenotypic manifestations including learning disability, a much earlier development of cutaneous neurofibromas, an increased tumour risk, and cardiovascular malformations. NF1 adjacent co-deleted genes could act as modifier loci for the specific clinical manifestations observed in deleted NF1 patients. Furthermore, other genetic modifiers (such as CNVs) not located at the NF1 locus could also modulate the phenotype observed in patients with large deletions. In this study, we analysed 22 NF1 deletion patients by genome-wide array-CGH with the aim (1) to correlate deletion length to observed phenotypic features and their severity in NF1 deletion syndrome, and (2) to identify whether the deletion phenotype could also be modulated by copy number variations elsewhere in the genome. We then review the role of co-deleted genes in the 1.4 Mb interval of type-1 deletions, and their possible implication in the main clinical features observed in this high-risk group of NF1 patients.

Droplet Digital PCR for Fast and Accurate Characterization of NF1 Locus Deletions: Confirmation of the Predominant Maternal Origin of Type-1 Deletions

Neurofibromatosis type-1 is a genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function variants in the tumor-suppressor NF1. Approximately 4% to 11% of neurofibromatosis type-1 patients have a NF1 locus complete deletion resulting from nonallelic homologous recombination between low copy repeats. Codeleted genes probably account for the more severe phenotype observed in NF1-deleted patients. This genotype-phenotype correlation highlights the need for a detailed molecular description. A droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) set along the NF1 locus was designed to delimitate the three recurrent NF1 deletion breakpoints. The ddPCR was tested in 121 samples from nonrelated NF1-deleted patients. Classification based on ddPCR versus multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was compared. In addition, microsatellites were analyzed to identify parental origin of deletions. ddPCR identified 77 type-1 (64%), 20 type-2 (16%), 7 type-3 (6%), and 17 atypical deletions (14%). The results were comparable with MLPA, except for three atypical deletions misclassified as type-2 using MLPA, for which the SUZ12 gene was not deleted. A significant maternal bias (25 of 30) in the origin of deletions was identified. This study proposes a fast and efficient ddPCR quantification to allow fine NF1 deletion classification. It indicates that ddPCR can be implemented easily into routine diagnosis to complement the techniques dedicated to NF1 point variant identification. This new tool may help unravel the genetic basis conditioning phenotypic variability in NF1-deleted patients and offer tailored genetic counseling.

Evaluation of Molecular and Clinical Findings in Children With Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Identification of 15 Novel Variants

BACKGROUND

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common neurocutaneous disease and is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. The most common clinical features of NF1 are pigmentary abnormalities such as café-au-lait spots and inguinal or axillary freckling, cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas, hamartomas of the iris, optic gliomas, and bone lesions. The aim of this retrospective study was to define the clinical and molecular characteristics of a pediatric sample of NF1, as well as the mutational spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation.

METHODS

The study included 40 children with clinically suspected NF1. The patients were screened for NF1 mutations by DNA-based sequencing. In addition, all the patients were studied by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to identify any duplications or deletions in NF1. The demographic, clinical, and genetic features of the children were characterized.

RESULTS

A total of 40 children with NF1 were included. Of those, 28 were female and 12 were male. The mean age was 8.91 years. An NF1 variant was discovered in 28 of 40 patients (70%). Among these mutations, intronic mutations were the most frequently detected mutations; 15 of these variants had not been previously reported. Only one patient had a whole NF1 gene deletion.

CONCLUSIONS

This study expands the spectrum of mutations in the NF1 gene. This study also showed that genetic screening using both next-generation sequencing and MLPA had a positive effect on diagnosis and genetic counseling in patients with suspected NF1.

Deregulated expression of polycomb repressive complex 2 target genes in a NF1 patient with microdeletion generating the RNF135-SUZ12 chimeric gene

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) microdeletion syndrome, accounting for 5-11% of NF1 patients, is caused by the heterozygous deletion of NF1 and a variable number of flanking genes in the 17q11.2 region. This syndrome is characterized by more severe symptoms than those shown by patients with intragenic NF1 mutation and by variable expressivity, which is not fully explained by the haploinsufficiency of the genes included in the deletions. We here reevaluate an 8-year-old NF1 patient, who carries an atypical deletion generating the RNF135-SUZ12 chimeric gene, previously described when he was 3 years old. As the patient has developed multiple cutaneous/subcutaneous neurofibromas over the past 5 years, we hypothesized a role of RNF135-SUZ12 chimeric gene in the onset of the patient's tumor phenotype. Interestingly, SUZ12 is generally lost or disrupted in NF1 microdeletion syndrome and frequently associated to cancer as RNF135. Expression analysis confirmed the presence of the chimeric gene transcript and revealed hypo-expression of five out of the seven analyzed target genes of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), to which SUZ12 belongs, in the patient's peripheral blood, indicating a higher transcriptional repression activity mediated by PRC2. Furthermore, decreased expression of tumor suppressor gene TP53, which is targeted by RNF135, was detected. These results suggest that RNF135-SUZ12 chimera may acquire a gain of function, compared with SUZ12 wild type in the PRC2 complex, and a loss of function relative to RNF135 wild type. Both events may have a role in the early onset of the patient's neurofibromas.

Imagawa-Matsumoto syndrome: SUZ12-related overgrowth disorder

The SUZ12 gene encodes a subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that is essential for development by silencing the expression of multiple genes. Germline heterozygous variants in SUZ12 have been found in Imagawa-Matsumoto syndrome (IMMAS) characterized by overgrowth and multiple dysmorphic features. Similarly, both EZH2 and EED also encode a subunit of PRC2 each and their pathogenic variants cause Weaver syndrome and Cohen-Gibson syndrome, respectively. Clinical manifestations of these syndromes significantly overlap, although their different prevalence rates have recently been noted: generalized overgrowth, intellectual disability, scoliosis, and excessive loose skin appear to be less prevalent in IMMAS than in the other two syndromes. We could not determine any apparent genotype-phenotype correlation in IMMAS. The phenotype of neurofibromatosis type 1 arising from NF1 deletion was also shown to be modified by the deletion of SUZ12, 560 kb away. This review deepens our understanding of the clinical and genetic characteristics of IMMAS together with other overgrowth syndromes related to PRC2. We also report on a novel IMMAS patient carrying a splicing variant (c.1023+1G>C) in SUZ12. This patient had a milder phenotype than other previously reported IMMAS cases, with no macrocephaly or overgrowth phenotypes, highlighting the clinical variation in IMMAS.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Pediatric Aspects and Review of Genotype-Phenotype Correlations

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition, with a birth incidence of approximately 1:2000-3000, caused by germline pathogenic variants in NF1, a tumor suppressor gene encoding neurofibromin, a negative regulator of the RAS/MAPK pathway. This explains why NF1 is included in the group of RASopathies and shares several clinical features with Noonan syndrome. Here, we describe the main clinical characteristics and complications associated with NF1, particularly those occurring in pediatric age. NF1 has complete penetrance and shows wide inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability and age-dependent appearance of manifestations. Clinical presentation and history of NF1 are multisystemic and highly unpredictable, especially in the first years of life when penetrance is still incomplete. In this scenario of extreme phenotypic variability, some genotype-phenotype associations need to be taken into consideration, as they strongly impact on genetic counseling and prognostication of the disease. We provide a synthetic review, based on the most recent literature data, of all known genotype-phenotype correlations from a genetic and clinical perspective. Molecular diagnosis is fundamental for the confirmation of doubtful clinical diagnoses, especially in the light of recently revised diagnostic criteria, and for the early identification of genotypes, albeit few, that correlate with specific phenotypes.

The cytokine receptor CRLF3 is a human neuroprotective EV-3 (Epo) receptor

The evolutionary conserved orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) has been implicated in human disease, vertebrate hematopoiesis and insect neuroprotection. While its specific functions are elusive, experimental evidence points toward a general role in cell homeostasis. Erythropoietin (Epo) is a major regulator of vertebrate hematopoiesis and a general cytoprotective cytokine. Erythropoietic functions mediated by classical Epo receptor are understood in great detail whereas Epo-mediated cytoprotective mechanisms are more complex due to involvement of additional Epo receptors and a non-erythropoietic splice variant with selectivity for certain receptors. In the present study, we show that the human CRLF3 mediates neuroprotection upon activation with the natural Epo splice variant EV-3. We generated CRLF3 knock-out iPSC lines and differentiated them toward the neuronal lineage. While apoptotic death of rotenone-challenged wild type iPSC-derived neurons was prevented by EV-3, EV-3-mediated neuroprotection was absent in CRLF3 knock-out neurons. Rotenone-induced apoptosis and EV-3-mediated neuroprotection were associated with differential expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes. Our data characterize human CRLF3 as a receptor involved in Epo-mediated neuroprotection and identify CRLF3 as the first known receptor for EV-3.